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General Information:

Id:	9,274
Diseases:	Gastrointestinal Major depressive disorder - [OMIM] Metabolic Neurological
Organism:	Mammalia
Publication type:	review
Reference:	Evrensel A and Ceylan ME(2015) The Gut-Brain Axis: The Missing Link in Depression Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci 13: 239-244 [PMID: 26598580]

Interaction Information:

Comment	Campylobacter jejuni administered orally to rats in subclinical doses led to anxiety-like behavior without an immune response.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98513	environment Campylobacter jejuni increases_activity of phenotype increased anxiety-related response in rats; without an immune response

Comment	Experimentally elevated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response and depression in GF rats can be reversed by administering a single bacterium, Bifidobacterium infantis, which is found predominantly in the neonatal intestinal tract, and probiotic drugs. This bacterium is defined as ‚Äúpsychobiotic‚ÄĚ due to its antidepressant effects.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98809	environment Bifidobacterium infantis decreases_activity of phenotype HPA axis hyperactivity in GF rats

Comment	Rat offspring separated from their mother caused a decrease in swimming in the forced swimming test and increased the immobility behavior, decreased norepinephrine levels in the brain, increased peripheral proinflammatory IL-6 secretion and corticotrophin-releasing factor mRNA levels in the amygdala. Probiotic therapy has led to a reversal of behavior problems and to the normalization of the immune response and norepinephrine levels in the brain.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98810	process response to psychosocial stress increases_activity of phenotype abnormal fear/anxiety-related behavior in rat offspring separated from their mother ; caused a decrease in swimming in the forced swimming test and an increase in the immobility behavior

Comment	Tests showed psychological stress levels and urinary free cortisol levels were decreased in subjects who took the probiotics (Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum) regularly.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98811	environment Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 decreases_activity of process response to psychosocial stress psychological stress levels and urinary free cortisol levels were decreased

Comment	Rats given Lactobacillus rhamnosus for 28 days showed a decline in both anxiety and depression scores.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98812	environment Lactobacillus rhamnosus decreases_activity of phenotype abnormal fear/anxiety-related behavior in rats; a decline in both anxiety and depression scores was observed

Comment	The most significant results were observed in the experiment where anxiety-like behavior obtained with high-fat diet was prevented by the administration of Lactobacillus helveticus for 21 days; when the experiment was duplicated using IL-10-deficient rats, no changes in anxiety were observed. These results showed the role of the immune system in the gut-brain axis.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98813	environment Lactobacillus helveticus decreases_activity of phenotype abnormal fear/anxiety-related behavior in rats; concerning anxiety-like behavior obtained with high-fat diet

Comment	Administration of Lactobacillus farciminis to rats reduced the HPA axis response to stress (plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone [ACTH], corticosteroid levels and corticotropin-releasing hormone [CRH] levels).
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98814	environment Lactobacillus farciminis decreases_activity of process HPA axis in rats; concerning the HPA axis response to stress (plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone [ACTH], corticosteroid levels and corticotropin-releasing hormone [CRH] levels)

Comment	In clinical trials, the Bacteroides family has been shown to be associated with depression.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98815	environment Bacteroides affects_activity of phenotype abnormal depression-related behavior

Comment	A prebiotic promotes the growth or survival of a particular gut microorganism; a probiotic is defined as oral or rectal administration of a particular microorganism.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98816	environment prebiotic diet increases_activity of environment gut microbiota promoting the growth or survival of a particular gut microorganism

Comment	Gut microorganisms are capable of producing and delivering neuroactive substances such as serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid, which act on the gut-brain axis.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98817	environment gut microbiota increases_quantity of drug/chemical compound GABA acting on the gut-brain axis

Comment	Recent studies showed that the microbiota could activate the immune and central nervous systems, including commensal and pathogenic microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98818	environment gut microbiota increases_activity of process immune system process including commensal and pathogenic microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract

Comment	The gut microbiota is essential to human health and the immune system and plays a major role in the bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98819	environment gut microbiota affects_activity of process gut-brain axis

Comment	The human gut microbiota contains more than 1,000 species and over 7,000 subspecies. Gut bacteria are able to produce active metabolites for human organ systems. For example; Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium synthesize gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from monosodium glutamate. Escherichia coli, Bacillus and Saccharomyces produce norepinefrin; Candida, Streptococcus, Escherichia and Enterococcus produce serotonin, and Bacillus and Serratia produce dopamine.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98820	environment Lactobacillus increases_quantity of drug/chemical compound GABA from monosodium glutamate

Comment	When rats were given Bifidobacterium infantis orally, increased plasma tryptophan levels were observed. Lactobacillus acidophilus increases the expression of cannabinoid receptors in the brainstem. Conversely, germ-free (GF) rats had high plasma serotonin levels.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98821	environment Bifidobacterium infantis increases_quantity of drug/chemical compound Tryptophan in rat plasma

Comment	After 21 days of olanzapine administration in rodents, decreased proteobacteria and actinobacteria levels and increased firmicutes levels were observed.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98822	drug/chemical compound Olanzapine decreases_quantity of environment Proteobacteria in rodents
Drugbank entries	Show/Hide entries for Olanzapine
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist CHRM5
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist DRD1
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist CHRM1
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist CHRM3
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist HTR2A
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist DRD4
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist HRH1
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist CHRM4
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist CHRM2
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist DRD2
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine agonist HTR2C
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist DRD3
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist ADRA1B
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist HTR1A
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist HTR1B
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist HTR1D
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist HTR1E
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist HTR3A
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist HTR6
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist HTR7
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist ADRA1A
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist ADRA2B
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist ADRA2C
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist DRD5

Comment	Postnatal stress caused by the separation of rhesus monkeys from their mother changed the microbiota and decreased the Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus levels.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98823	process response to psychosocial stress increases_activity of environment altered gut microbiota composition postnatal stress was caused by the separation of rhesus monkeys from their mother

Comment	Rats separated from their mother showed decreased fecal Lactobacillus levels on the third day; this effect was maintained for an extended period of time.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98824	process response to psychosocial stress decreases_quantity of environment Lactobacillus in feces of rats separated from their mother

Comment	Interaction between the microbiota and the gut mucosa regulates the production of several proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-1, IL-10 and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta).
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98825	environment gut microbiota interacts (colocalizes) with tissue/cell line gut mucosa

Comment	The adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) plays an important role in microglial activation caused by inflammation. The P2X7R antagonist brilliant blue G has anti-inflammatory and antidepressant effects in mice.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98826	gene/protein P2RX7 increases_activity of process microglial cell activation caused by inflammation

Comment	Probiotics also increase IL-10 levels. When GF rats were given oral commensal bacteria, IL-10 synthesis and levels were increased. Plasma IL-10 levels were increased in experimental animals when their offspring were given Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98827	environment Probiotics increases_quantity of gene/protein IL10 in GF rats

Comment	The vagus nerve forms a direct connection between the brain and stomach. Hormonal, neuronal and bacterial changes in the bowel are transmitted to the brain via the vagus nerve.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98828	tissue/cell line vagus nerve affects_activity of tissue/cell line brain via hormonal, neuronal and bacterial changes

Comment	The gut microbiota affects brain development and plasticity by secreting various neurotrophins and proteins, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), synaptophysin and postsynaptic density (PSD)-95.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98829	environment gut microbiota affects_activity of process brain development by secreting various neurotrophins and proteins

Comment	Experimentally elevated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response and depression in GF rats can be reversed by administering a single bacterium, Bifidobacterium infantis, which is found predominantly in the neonatal intestinal tract, and probiotic drugs. This bacterium is defined as ‚Äúpsychobiotic‚ÄĚ due to its antidepressant effects.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98842	environment Bifidobacterium infantis is localized in tissue/cell line neonatal gastrointestinal tract

Comment	Experimentally elevated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response and depression in GF rats can be reversed by administering a single bacterium, Bifidobacterium infantis, which is found predominantly in the neonatal intestinal tract, and probiotic drugs. This bacterium is defined as ‚Äúpsychobiotic‚ÄĚ due to its antidepressant effects.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98843	environment Bifidobacterium infantis decreases_activity of phenotype abnormal depression-related behavior in GF rats; psychobiotic bacterium

Comment	Rat offspring separated from their mother caused a decrease in swimming in the forced swimming test and increased the immobility behavior, decreased norepinephrine levels in the brain, increased peripheral proinflammatory IL-6 secretion and corticotrophin-releasing factor mRNA levels in the amygdala. Probiotic therapy has led to a reversal of behavior problems and to the normalization of the immune response and norepinephrine levels in the brain.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98844	process response to psychosocial stress increases_activity of phenotype abnormal fear/anxiety-related behavior in rat offspring separated from their mother ; caused a decrease in swimming in the forced swimming test and an increase in the immobility behavior

Comment	Rat offspring separated from their mother caused a decrease in swimming in the forced swimming test and increased the immobility behavior, decreased norepinephrine levels in the brain, increased peripheral proinflammatory IL-6 secretion and corticotrophin-releasing factor mRNA levels in the amygdala. Probiotic therapy has led to a reversal of behavior problems and to the normalization of the immune response and norepinephrine levels in the brain.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98845	process response to psychosocial stress decreases_quantity of drug/chemical compound Noradrenaline in brain of rat offspring separated from their mother

Comment	Rat offspring separated from their mother caused a decrease in swimming in the forced swimming test and increased the immobility behavior, decreased norepinephrine levels in the brain, increased peripheral proinflammatory IL-6 secretion and corticotrophin-releasing factor mRNA levels in the amygdala. Probiotic therapy has led to a reversal of behavior problems and to the normalization of the immune response and norepinephrine levels in the brain.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98846	process response to psychosocial stress increases_activity of process interleukin-6 secretion in rat offspring separated from their mother ; concerning the increased peripheral proinflammatory IL-6 secretion

Comment	Rat offspring separated from their mother caused a decrease in swimming in the forced swimming test and increased the immobility behavior, decreased norepinephrine levels in the brain, increased peripheral proinflammatory IL-6 secretion and corticotrophin-releasing factor mRNA levels in the amygdala. Probiotic therapy has led to a reversal of behavior problems and to the normalization of the immune response and norepinephrine levels in the brain.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98847	process response to psychosocial stress increases_quantity of gene/protein Corticotrophin-releasing factor in the amygdala of rat offspring separated from their mother ; concerning the corticotrophin-releasing factor mRNA level

Comment	Rat offspring separated from their mother caused a decrease in swimming in the forced swimming test and increased the immobility behavior, decreased norepinephrine levels in the brain, increased peripheral proinflammatory IL-6 secretion and corticotrophin-releasing factor mRNA levels in the amygdala. Probiotic therapy has led to a reversal of behavior problems and to the normalization of the immune response and norepinephrine levels in the brain.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98848	environment Probiotics decreases_activity of process response to psychosocial stress in rat offspring separated from their mother ; leading to a reversal of behavior problems and to the normalization of the immune response and norepinephrine levels in the brain

Comment	Tests showed psychological stress levels and urinary free cortisol levels were decreased in subjects who took the probiotics (Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum) regularly.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98849	environment Bifidobacterium longum decreases_activity of process response to psychosocial stress psychological stress levels and urinary free cortisol levels were decreased

Comment	Rats given Lactobacillus rhamnosus for 28 days showed a decline in both anxiety and depression scores.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98850	environment Lactobacillus rhamnosus decreases_activity of phenotype abnormal depression-related behavior in rats; a decline in both anxiety and depression scores was observed

Comment	The most significant results were observed in the experiment where anxiety-like behavior obtained with high-fat diet was prevented by the administration of Lactobacillus helveticus for 21 days; when the experiment was duplicated using IL-10-deficient rats, no changes in anxiety were observed. These results showed the role of the immune system in the gut-brain axis.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98851	process immune system process affects_activity of process gut-brain axis

Comment	Gut microorganisms are capable of producing and delivering neuroactive substances such as serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid, which act on the gut-brain axis.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98852	environment gut microbiota increases_quantity of drug/chemical compound Serotonin acting on the gut-brain axis

Comment	Gut microorganisms are capable of producing and delivering neuroactive substances such as serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid, which act on the gut-brain axis.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98853	drug/chemical compound GABA affects_activity of process gut-brain axis

Comment	Gut microorganisms are capable of producing and delivering neuroactive substances such as serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid, which act on the gut-brain axis.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98854	drug/chemical compound Serotonin affects_activity of process gut-brain axis

Comment	Recent studies showed that the microbiota could activate the immune and central nervous systems, including commensal and pathogenic microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98855	environment gut microbiota increases_activity of tissue/cell line central nervous system including commensal and pathogenic microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract

Comment	The human gut microbiota contains more than 1,000 species and over 7,000 subspecies. Gut bacteria are able to produce active metabolites for human organ systems. For example; Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium synthesize gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from monosodium glutamate. Escherichia coli, Bacillus and Saccharomyces produce norepinefrin; Candida, Streptococcus, Escherichia and Enterococcus produce serotonin, and Bacillus and Serratia produce dopamine.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98856	environment Bifidobacterium increases_quantity of drug/chemical compound GABA from monosodium glutamate

Comment	The human gut microbiota contains more than 1,000 species and over 7,000 subspecies. Gut bacteria are able to produce active metabolites for human organ systems. For example; Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium synthesize gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from monosodium glutamate. Escherichia coli, Bacillus and Saccharomyces produce norepinefrin; Candida, Streptococcus, Escherichia and Enterococcus produce serotonin, and Bacillus and Serratia produce dopamine.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98857	environment Escherichia coli increases_quantity of drug/chemical compound Noradrenaline

Comment	The human gut microbiota contains more than 1,000 species and over 7,000 subspecies. Gut bacteria are able to produce active metabolites for human organ systems. For example; Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium synthesize gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from monosodium glutamate. Escherichia coli, Bacillus and Saccharomyces produce norepinefrin; Candida, Streptococcus, Escherichia and Enterococcus produce serotonin, and Bacillus and Serratia produce dopamine.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98858	environment Bacillus increases_quantity of drug/chemical compound Noradrenaline

Comment	The human gut microbiota contains more than 1,000 species and over 7,000 subspecies. Gut bacteria are able to produce active metabolites for human organ systems. For example; Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium synthesize gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from monosodium glutamate. Escherichia coli, Bacillus and Saccharomyces produce norepinefrin; Candida, Streptococcus, Escherichia and Enterococcus produce serotonin, and Bacillus and Serratia produce dopamine.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98859	environment Saccharomyces increases_quantity of drug/chemical compound Noradrenaline

Comment	The human gut microbiota contains more than 1,000 species and over 7,000 subspecies. Gut bacteria are able to produce active metabolites for human organ systems. For example; Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium synthesize gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from monosodium glutamate. Escherichia coli, Bacillus and Saccharomyces produce norepinefrin; Candida, Streptococcus, Escherichia and Enterococcus produce serotonin, and Bacillus and Serratia produce dopamine.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98860	environment Candida increases_quantity of drug/chemical compound Serotonin

Comment	The human gut microbiota contains more than 1,000 species and over 7,000 subspecies. Gut bacteria are able to produce active metabolites for human organ systems. For example; Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium synthesize gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from monosodium glutamate. Escherichia coli, Bacillus and Saccharomyces produce norepinefrin; Candida, Streptococcus, Escherichia and Enterococcus produce serotonin, and Bacillus and Serratia produce dopamine.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98861	environment Streptococcus increases_quantity of drug/chemical compound Serotonin

Comment	The human gut microbiota contains more than 1,000 species and over 7,000 subspecies. Gut bacteria are able to produce active metabolites for human organ systems. For example; Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium synthesize gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from monosodium glutamate. Escherichia coli, Bacillus and Saccharomyces produce norepinefrin; Candida, Streptococcus, Escherichia and Enterococcus produce serotonin, and Bacillus and Serratia produce dopamine.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98862	environment Escherichia increases_quantity of drug/chemical compound Serotonin

Comment	The human gut microbiota contains more than 1,000 species and over 7,000 subspecies. Gut bacteria are able to produce active metabolites for human organ systems. For example; Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium synthesize gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from monosodium glutamate. Escherichia coli, Bacillus and Saccharomyces produce norepinefrin; Candida, Streptococcus, Escherichia and Enterococcus produce serotonin, and Bacillus and Serratia produce dopamine.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98863	environment Enterococcus increases_quantity of drug/chemical compound Serotonin

Comment	The human gut microbiota contains more than 1,000 species and over 7,000 subspecies. Gut bacteria are able to produce active metabolites for human organ systems. For example; Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium synthesize gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from monosodium glutamate. Escherichia coli, Bacillus and Saccharomyces produce norepinefrin; Candida, Streptococcus, Escherichia and Enterococcus produce serotonin, and Bacillus and Serratia produce dopamine.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98864	environment Bacillus increases_quantity of drug/chemical compound Dopamine
Drugbank entries	Show/Hide entries for
Drugbank DB00988	Dopamine agonist DRD1
Drugbank DB00988	Dopamine ligand DBH
Drugbank DB00988	Dopamine agonist DRD5
Drugbank DB00988	Dopamine agonist DRD2
Drugbank DB00988	Dopamine agonist DRD3
Drugbank DB00988	Dopamine agonist DRD4
Drugbank DB00988	Dopamine inducer SLC6A3

Comment	The human gut microbiota contains more than 1,000 species and over 7,000 subspecies. Gut bacteria are able to produce active metabolites for human organ systems. For example; Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium synthesize gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from monosodium glutamate. Escherichia coli, Bacillus and Saccharomyces produce norepinefrin; Candida, Streptococcus, Escherichia and Enterococcus produce serotonin, and Bacillus and Serratia produce dopamine.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98865	environment Serratia increases_quantity of drug/chemical compound Dopamine
Drugbank entries	Show/Hide entries for
Drugbank DB00988	Dopamine agonist DRD1
Drugbank DB00988	Dopamine ligand DBH
Drugbank DB00988	Dopamine agonist DRD5
Drugbank DB00988	Dopamine agonist DRD2
Drugbank DB00988	Dopamine agonist DRD3
Drugbank DB00988	Dopamine agonist DRD4
Drugbank DB00988	Dopamine inducer SLC6A3

Comment	When rats were given Bifidobacterium infantis orally, increased plasma tryptophan levels were observed. Lactobacillus acidophilus increases the expression of cannabinoid receptors in the brainstem. Conversely, germ-free (GF) rats had high plasma serotonin levels.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98866	environment Lactobacillus acidophilus increases_expression of gene/protein Cannabinoid receptor in rat brainstem

Comment	When rats were given Bifidobacterium infantis orally, increased plasma tryptophan levels were observed. Lactobacillus acidophilus increases the expression of cannabinoid receptors in the brainstem. Conversely, germ-free (GF) rats had high plasma serotonin levels.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98867	organism model GF rat increases_quantity of drug/chemical compound Serotonin in rat plasma; concerning plasma serotonin levels

Comment	After 21 days of olanzapine administration in rodents, decreased proteobacteria and actinobacteria levels and increased firmicutes levels were observed.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98870	drug/chemical compound Olanzapine decreases_quantity of environment Actinobacteria in rodents
Drugbank entries	Show/Hide entries for Olanzapine
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist CHRM5
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist DRD1
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist CHRM1
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist CHRM3
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist HTR2A
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist DRD4
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist HRH1
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist CHRM4
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist CHRM2
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist DRD2
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine agonist HTR2C
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist DRD3
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist ADRA1B
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist HTR1A
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist HTR1B
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist HTR1D
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist HTR1E
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist HTR3A
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist HTR6
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist HTR7
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist ADRA1A
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist ADRA2B
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist ADRA2C
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist DRD5

Comment	After 21 days of olanzapine administration in rodents, decreased proteobacteria and actinobacteria levels and increased firmicutes levels were observed.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98871	drug/chemical compound Olanzapine increases_quantity of environment Firmicutes in rodents
Drugbank entries	Show/Hide entries for Olanzapine
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist CHRM5
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist DRD1
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist CHRM1
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist CHRM3
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist HTR2A
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist DRD4
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist HRH1
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist CHRM4
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist CHRM2
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist DRD2
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine agonist HTR2C
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist DRD3
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist ADRA1B
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist HTR1A
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist HTR1B
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist HTR1D
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist HTR1E
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist HTR3A
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist HTR6
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist HTR7
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist ADRA1A
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist ADRA2B
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist ADRA2C
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist DRD5

Comment	Postnatal stress caused by the separation of rhesus monkeys from their mother changed the microbiota and decreased the Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus levels.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98872	process response to psychosocial stress decreases_quantity of environment Bifidobacterium postnatal stress was caused by the separation of rhesus monkeys from their mother

Comment	Postnatal stress caused by the separation of rhesus monkeys from their mother changed the microbiota and decreased the Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus levels.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98873	process response to psychosocial stress decreases_quantity of environment Lactobacillus postnatal stress was caused by the separation of rhesus monkeys from their mother

Comment	Probiotics also increase IL-10 levels. When GF rats were given oral commensal bacteria, IL-10 synthesis and levels were increased. Plasma IL-10 levels were increased in experimental animals when their offspring were given Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98876	environment Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG increases_quantity of gene/protein IL10

Comment	The gut microbiota affects brain development and plasticity by secreting various neurotrophins and proteins, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), synaptophysin and postsynaptic density (PSD)-95.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98877	environment gut microbiota affects_activity of process brain plasticity by secreting various neurotrophins and proteins

Comment	The gut microbiota affects brain development and plasticity by secreting various neurotrophins and proteins, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), synaptophysin and postsynaptic density (PSD)-95.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98878	environment gut microbiota increases_quantity of gene/protein BDNF

Comment	The gut microbiota affects brain development and plasticity by secreting various neurotrophins and proteins, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), synaptophysin and postsynaptic density (PSD)-95.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98880	environment gut microbiota increases_quantity of gene/protein SYP

Comment	The gut microbiota affects brain development and plasticity by secreting various neurotrophins and proteins, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), synaptophysin and postsynaptic density (PSD)-95.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98881	environment gut microbiota increases_quantity of gene/protein DLG4
Drugbank entries	Show/Hide entries for DLG4
Drugbank DB00536	Guanidine not specified DLG4
Drugbank DB01972	Guanosine-5'-Monophosphate not specified DLG4
Drugbank DB00536	Guanidine not specified DLG4
Drugbank DB01972	Guanosine-5'-Monophosphate not specified DLG4

Comment	Interaction between the microbiota and the gut mucosa regulates the production of several proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-1, IL-10 and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta).
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98926	environment gut microbiota affects_quantity of gene/protein CXCL8 the regulation occurs via interaction between the microbiota and the gut mucosa

Comment	Interaction between the microbiota and the gut mucosa regulates the production of several proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-1, IL-10 and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta).
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98930	environment gut microbiota affects_quantity of gene/protein IL1 the regulation occurs via interaction between the microbiota and the gut mucosa

Comment	Interaction between the microbiota and the gut mucosa regulates the production of several proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-1, IL-10 and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta).
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98932	environment gut microbiota affects_quantity of gene/protein IL10 the regulation occurs via interaction between the microbiota and the gut mucosa

Comment	Interaction between the microbiota and the gut mucosa regulates the production of several proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-1, IL-10 and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta).
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98935	environment gut microbiota affects_quantity of gene/protein TGFB1 the regulation occurs via interaction between the microbiota and the gut mucosa
Drugbank entries	Show/Hide entries for TGFB1
Drugbank DB00070	Hyaluronidase inhibitor TGFB1

Comment	Interaction between the microbiota and the gut mucosa regulates the production of several proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-1, IL-10 and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta).
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98937	environment gut microbiota affects_quantity of gene/protein Proinflammatory cytokine the regulation occurs via interaction between the microbiota and the gut mucosa

Comment	Interaction between the microbiota and the gut mucosa regulates the production of several proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-1, IL-10 and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta).
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98938	environment gut microbiota affects_quantity of gene/protein Chemokine the regulation occurs via interaction between the microbiota and the gut mucosa

Comment	The adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) plays an important role in microglial activation caused by inflammation. The P2X7R antagonist brilliant blue G has anti-inflammatory and antidepressant effects in mice.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98939	drug/chemical compound Brilliant blue decreases_activity of gene/protein P2RX7

Comment	The vagus nerve forms a direct connection between the brain and stomach. Hormonal, neuronal and bacterial changes in the bowel are transmitted to the brain via the vagus nerve.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98947	tissue/cell line vagus nerve affects_activity of tissue/cell line stomach The vagus nerve forms a direct connection between the brain and stomach.

Comment	The vagus nerve forms a direct connection between the brain and stomach. Hormonal, neuronal and bacterial changes in the bowel are transmitted to the brain via the vagus nerve.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98948	tissue/cell line vagus nerve affects_activity of tissue/cell line brain The vagus nerve forms a direct connection between the brain and stomach.

Comment	The vagus nerve forms a direct connection between the brain and stomach. Hormonal, neuronal and bacterial changes in the bowel are transmitted to the brain via the vagus nerve.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98949	tissue/cell line intestine affects_activity of tissue/cell line brain Hormonal, neuronal and bacterial changes in the bowel are transmitted to the brain via the vagus nerve.