CIDeRplusGeneral Information:
| Id: | 9,151 |
| Diseases: |
Alzheimer disease
- [OMIM]
Gastrointestinal Metabolic |
| Mammalia | |
| review | |
| Reference: | Hu X et al.(2016) Alzheimers disease and gut microbiota Sci China Life Sci 59: 1006-1023 [PMID: 27566465] |
Interaction Information:
| Comment | Different bacterial structure determines the difference of human biochemistry, genetic individuality and resistance to diseases. Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes are two dominant bacterial phylum in the gut, with Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobiota, Fusobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Actinbacteria, Spirochetes, and so on as the remainder. The gut microbiota encode about 4,000,000 genes, making the human genetic complexity closer to 4,026,600 genes when plus the 26,600 host genes, which far more than rice and other species. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96559 |
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| Comment | Different bacterial structure determines the difference of human biochemistry, genetic individuality and resistance to diseases. Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes are two dominant bacterial phylum in the gut, with Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobiota, Fusobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Actinbacteria, Spirochetes, and so on as the remainder. The gut microbiota encode about 4,000,000 genes, making the human genetic complexity closer to 4,026,600 genes when plus the 26,600 host genes, which far more than rice and other species. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97901 |
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| Comment | Different bacterial structure determines the difference of human biochemistry, genetic individuality and resistance to diseases. Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes are two dominant bacterial phylum in the gut, with Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobiota, Fusobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Actinbacteria, Spirochetes, and so on as the remainder. The gut microbiota encode about 4,000,000 genes, making the human genetic complexity closer to 4,026,600 genes when plus the 26,600 host genes, which far more than rice and other species. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97902 |
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| Comment | Different bacterial structure determines the difference of human biochemistry, genetic individuality and resistance to diseases. Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes are two dominant bacterial phylum in the gut, with Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobiota, Fusobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Actinbacteria, Spirochetes, and so on as the remainder. The gut microbiota encode about 4,000,000 genes, making the human genetic complexity closer to 4,026,600 genes when plus the 26,600 host genes, which far more than rice and other species. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97903 |
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| Comment | Different bacterial structure determines the difference of human biochemistry, genetic individuality and resistance to diseases. Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes are two dominant bacterial phylum in the gut, with Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobiota, Fusobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Actinbacteria, Spirochetes, and so on as the remainder. The gut microbiota encode about 4,000,000 genes, making the human genetic complexity closer to 4,026,600 genes when plus the 26,600 host genes, which far more than rice and other species. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97904 |
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| Comment | Different bacterial structure determines the difference of human biochemistry, genetic individuality and resistance to diseases. Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes are two dominant bacterial phylum in the gut, with Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobiota, Fusobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Actinbacteria, Spirochetes, and so on as the remainder. The gut microbiota encode about 4,000,000 genes, making the human genetic complexity closer to 4,026,600 genes when plus the 26,600 host genes, which far more than rice and other species. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97905 |
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| Comment | Different bacterial structure determines the difference of human biochemistry, genetic individuality and resistance to diseases. Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes are two dominant bacterial phylum in the gut, with Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobiota, Fusobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Actinbacteria, Spirochetes, and so on as the remainder. The gut microbiota encode about 4,000,000 genes, making the human genetic complexity closer to 4,026,600 genes when plus the 26,600 host genes, which far more than rice and other species. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97906 |
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| Comment | Different bacterial structure determines the difference of human biochemistry, genetic individuality and resistance to diseases. Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes are two dominant bacterial phylum in the gut, with Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobiota, Fusobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Actinbacteria, Spirochetes, and so on as the remainder. The gut microbiota encode about 4,000,000 genes, making the human genetic complexity closer to 4,026,600 genes when plus the 26,600 host genes, which far more than rice and other species. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97907 |
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| Comment | Gut-brain axis is a complex bidirectional communication network between the gut and the brain. Recent studies suggested that gut microbiota participated in the functions of gut-brain axis and played a major role in signaling communication between gut and brain, so the gut-brain axis was extended to microbiota-gut-brain axis, which modulates immune, gut and CNS functions. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97908 |
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| Comment | Gut-brain axis is a complex bidirectional communication network between the gut and the brain. Recent studies suggested that gut microbiota participated in the functions of gut-brain axis and played a major role in signaling communication between gut and brain, so the gut-brain axis was extended to microbiota-gut-brain axis, which modulates immune, gut and CNS functions. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97909 |
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| Comment | Gut-brain axis is a complex bidirectional communication network between the gut and the brain. Recent studies suggested that gut microbiota participated in the functions of gut-brain axis and played a major role in signaling communication between gut and brain, so the gut-brain axis was extended to microbiota-gut-brain axis, which modulates immune, gut and CNS functions. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97910 |
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| Comment | The development of HPA (Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) axis in GF (germ-free) mice is abnormal, leading to altered response to stress and reduced expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Colonization of GF mice with normal gut microbiota from conventionally raised mice or specific probiotic Bifidobacterium infantis could reverse these abnormalities. These results suggested that the activity of HPA was regulated by gut microbiota and also suggested the important role of gut microbiota on nervous system development. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97911 |
organism model GF mouse decreases_activity of process HPA axis |
| Comment | The development of HPA (Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) axis in GF (germ-free) mice is abnormal, leading to altered response to stress and reduced expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Colonization of GF mice with normal gut microbiota from conventionally raised mice or specific probiotic Bifidobacterium infantis could reverse these abnormalities. These results suggested that the activity of HPA was regulated by gut microbiota and also suggested the important role of gut microbiota on nervous system development. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97912 |
environment gut microbiota increases_activity of process HPA axis |
| Comment | The development of HPA (Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) axis in GF (germ-free) mice is abnormal, leading to altered response to stress and reduced expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Colonization of GF mice with normal gut microbiota from conventionally raised mice or specific probiotic Bifidobacterium infantis could reverse these abnormalities. These results suggested that the activity of HPA was regulated by gut microbiota and also suggested the important role of gut microbiota on nervous system development. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97913 |
environment Bifidobacterium infantis increases_activity of process HPA axis |
| Comment | Aging period is not a critical stage for neurodevelopment, but the body will display chronic progressive proinflammatory response during aging, knowing as inflammaging, which will gradually destroy the balance of gut microbiota and seriously affect the composition of gut microbiota, resulting in gradually decline of microbiota diversity and stability. Gut microbiota composition of aged people was usually affected by living environment, dietary habit and the health status of individuals. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97915 |
process increases_activity of process |
| Comment | Aging period is not a critical stage for neurodevelopment, but the body will display chronic progressive proinflammatory response during aging, knowing as inflammaging, which will gradually destroy the balance of gut microbiota and seriously affect the composition of gut microbiota, resulting in gradually decline of microbiota diversity and stability. Gut microbiota composition of aged people was usually affected by living environment, dietary habit and the health status of individuals. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97916 |
process increases_activity of environment altered gut microbiota composition |
| Comment | Aging period is not a critical stage for neurodevelopment, but the body will display chronic progressive proinflammatory response during aging, knowing as inflammaging, which will gradually destroy the balance of gut microbiota and seriously affect the composition of gut microbiota, resulting in gradually decline of microbiota diversity and stability. Gut microbiota composition of aged people was usually affected by living environment, dietary habit and the health status of individuals. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97917 |
process increases_activity of environment gut dysbiosis |
| Comment | Aging period is not a critical stage for neurodevelopment, but the body will display chronic progressive proinflammatory response during aging, knowing as inflammaging, which will gradually destroy the balance of gut microbiota and seriously affect the composition of gut microbiota, resulting in gradually decline of microbiota diversity and stability. Gut microbiota composition of aged people was usually affected by living environment, dietary habit and the health status of individuals. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97918 |
environment altered gut microbiota composition increases_activity of environment gut dysbiosis |
| Comment | Gut microbiota composition of aged people was usually affected by living environment, dietary habit and the health status of individuals. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97919 |
environment living environment affects_quantity of environment gut microbiota composition |
| Comment | Gut microbiota composition of aged people was usually affected by living environment, dietary habit and the health status of individuals. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97920 |
environment diet affects_quantity of environment gut microbiota composition |
| Comment | Gut microbiota composition of aged people was usually affected by living environment, dietary habit and the health status of individuals. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97921 |
phenotype health status affects_quantity of environment gut microbiota composition |
| Comment | Drugs uses, degeneration of digestive and gastrointestinal motility, malabsorption of nutrients and impaired immunity also influence gut microbiota composition. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97922 |
environment Drug affects_quantity of environment gut microbiota composition |
| Comment | Drugs uses, degeneration of digestive and gastrointestinal motility, malabsorption of nutrients and impaired immunity also influence gut microbiota composition. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97923 |
phenotype decreased digestive motility affects_quantity of environment gut microbiota composition |
| Comment | Drugs uses, degeneration of digestive and gastrointestinal motility, malabsorption of nutrients and impaired immunity also influence gut microbiota composition. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97924 |
phenotype affects_quantity of environment gut microbiota composition |
| Comment | Drugs uses, degeneration of digestive and gastrointestinal motility, malabsorption of nutrients and impaired immunity also influence gut microbiota composition. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97925 |
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| Comment | Drugs uses, degeneration of digestive and gastrointestinal motility, malabsorption of nutrients and impaired immunity also influence gut microbiota composition. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97926 |
phenotype impaired immunity affects_quantity of environment gut microbiota composition |
| Comment | The decreased diversity of gut microbiota in old people is usually accompanied by reduced brain weight and cognitive functions. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97927 |
environment decreased gut microbiota composition cooccurs with phenotype |
| Comment | Weaning Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were treated with ampicillin for 1 month, resulting in disruption of gut microbiota, elevation of serum corticosterone, increased anxiety-like behavior and impairment of spatial memory. Lactobacillus fermentum NS9 administration restored the physiological and psychological abnormalities induced by ampicillin. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97928 |
drug/chemical compound increases_quantity of drug/chemical compound |
| Drugbank entries | Show/Hide entries for Ampicillin |
| Comment | Citrobacter rodentium is a gram negative pathogenic bacterium, which could cause temporary enteritis in mice and change the composition of gut microbiota. C. rodentium infection is not enough to change the memory and cognition in mice, but exposure to a psychological stress at the same time leads to reduced non-spatial recognition memory and working memory. Using probiotics intervention 1 week before infection can not only effectively restore the infection induced gut microbiota imbalance, but also prevent stress induced cognitive behavior changes. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97929 |
environment Citrobacter rodentium increases_activity of phenotype temporary enteritis |
| Comment | Probiotic Lactobacillus helveticus NS8 could significantly improve cognitive function disorders caused by chronic restraint stress in rats. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97930 |
environment Lactobacillus helveticus NS8 decreases_activity of process |
| Comment | Bifidobacterium longum 1714 could increase the learning and memory ability displayed in object recognition, Barnes maze and fear conditioning test. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97931 |
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| Comment | In a human study of healthy women volunteers, consumption of fermented milk product with probiotics changed the intrinsic activity of resting brain, displaying affected activity of brain regions that control central processing of emotion and sensation assessed by neuroimaging using fMRI. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97932 |
environment Probiotics affects_activity of phenotype intrinsic activity of resting brain |
| Comment | Taking a probiotic formulation consisting of Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175 can obviously improve the cognitive behavior efforts response to external stimuli in healthy human subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97933 |
environment Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 increases_activity of process cognitive behavior |
| Comment | The scientists from European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) and the MetaHIT Consortium analyzed the gut microbiota of individuals from different countries and regions and divided the gut microbiota into three predominant enterotypes, respectively dominated by Bacteroides, Prevotella and Ruminococcus genus. Bacteroides enterotype mainly contains species good at ferment carbohydrates and protein. Prevotella enterotype mainly comprises species able to degrade plant polysaccharides and mucin glycoproteins present in the mucosal layer of the gut and interacts with immune system. Ruminococcus enterotype is enriched in species which is able to degrade mucins and helps cells to uptake sugars. Bacteroides enterotype is strongly associated with excessive intake of protein and animal fat and Prevotella enterotype is strongly associated with carbohydrates. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97935 |
environment Bacteroides affects_activity of environment gut microbiota |
| Comment | Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFAs) are vital for neuronal and brain functions. The main omega-3 PUFAs include docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5). The serum DHA levels of AD patients were significantly decreased when compared with healthy controls. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97936 |
drug/chemical compound Polyunsaturated fatty acid, omega-3 increases_activity of tissue/cell line |
| Comment | High intake of omega-3 PUFAs from diet can lower the risk of AD and slow age-related cognitive decline. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97937 |
drug/chemical compound Polyunsaturated fatty acid, omega-3 decreases_activity of disease |
| Comment | DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) are mainly obtained from deep-sea fish, which is the major dietary sources of omega-3 PUFAs of human. Increased fish consumption can significantly reduce the risk of AD. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97938 |
phenotype increased docosahexaenoic acid level decreases_activity of disease |
| Comment | The serum DHA (docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6) content of IBS (irritable bowed syndrome) patients was significantly decreased. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97939 |
disease Irritable bowed syndrome cooccurs with phenotype decreased docosahexaenoic acid level |
| Comment | The composition of gut microbiota significantly changed in mice fed with omega-3 PUFAs enriched diet. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97940 |
cellular component Polyunsaturated fatty acid, omega-3 increases_activity of environment altered gut microbiota composition |
| Comment | People who daily drank three to five cups of coffee at midlife showed an unbelievable 65% decreased risk of AD in comparison to people who did not drink or drank less than two cups per day. Coffee is rich in antioxidant polyphenols which can reduce oxidative stress induced brain injuries and lower the risk of AD. The effect of coffee may occur at the level of the gut microbiota. Firstly, gut microbiota can easily digest the fiber in coffee beans and harvest its energy to help their own growth. Simultaneously, they can reduce the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes bacteria and this alteration in Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio is associated with reduced inflammation. Secondly, the capacity of body to utilize coffee polyphenols is also influenced by gut microbiota in a large extent. After consumption, polyphenols need to be degrade by gut microbiota into small molecules that are easily absorbed by human body. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97942 |
environment coffee consumption decreases_activity of disease |
| Comment | Caloric restriction about 30% for 3 months improved memory in elderly humans. Caloric restriction can promote host health by optimizing the gut microbiota composition, including the increase of bacteria positively related with health, such as lactobacillus, and decrease of bacteria negatively associated with health. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97943 |
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| Comment | Mediterranean diet appeared to benefit the health of Crohn’s disease patients, reflected by a trend for reduced inflammation biomarkers and normalization of the gut microbiota with increasing Bacteroidetes and Clostridium and decreasing Proteobacteria and Bacillaceae. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97944 |
environment mediterranean diet decreases_activity of environment altered gut microbiota composition |
| Comment | Gut microbiota is also important for the development and the integrity of BBB. GF mice displayed increased permeability of BBB compared to SPF mice with a normal gut microbiota. Reconstruction of the gut microbiota in GF mice decreased BBB permeability and up-regulated the expression of tight junction proteins. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97945 |
environment gut microbiota increases_activity of |
| Comment | In healthy condition, the LPS is blocked from the bloodstream by the tight junctions that exist between the intestinal epithelial cells. The levels of LPS in the blood represent not only inflammation but also leaky gut. Studies found that the plasma levels of LPS in patients with AD were three times higher than healthy controls. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97946 |
cellular component decreases transport of drug/chemical compound |
| Comment | Increased concentrations of plasma LPS and fecal calprotectin indicate a disturbed intestinal barrier function and increased intestinal inflammation and permeability in AD patients. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97947 |
phenotype increased lipopolysaccharide level cooccurs with phenotype |
| Comment | Gram-positive Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in the gut, such as Lactobacillus brevis and Bifidobacterium dentium, are able to produce gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by metabolizing glutamate. The increase of GABA in the gastrointestinal tract is correlated with the increase of GABA in CNS. Gut microbiota disruption, especially the reduction of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, will influence the production of GABA in the gut and then lead to reduction of GABA in CNS. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97948 |
environment Lactobacillus brevis increases_quantity of drug/chemical compound |
| Comment | Postmortem study of AD patients found that the GABA levels were decreased in frontal, temporal and parietal cortex of AD patients. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97949 |
disease cooccurs with phenotype decreased GABA level |
| Comment | Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is very important in regulating cognitive function. More than 95% of the 5-HT are synthesized in the gut, and gut microbiota plays an important role in the synthesis of 5-HT. The content of 5-HT in the blood of GF mice was about 60% lower than that of the SPF mice with a normal gut microbiota, and the concentration was significantly increased when the gut microbiota was reconstructed in GF mice. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97950 |
environment gut microbiota increases_quantity of drug/chemical compound |
| Comment | The mRNA expression of hippocampal NMDA receptor NR2B subunit is significantly decreased in GF mice. Disruption of gut microbiota by antibiotics treatment also significantly reduces the level of NMDA receptor in hippocampus. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97951 |
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| Drugbank entries | Show/Hide entries for GRIN2B |
| Comment | The expression of BDNF protein significantly decreased in GF mice, accompanied with changes of cognitive function. The down-regulated mRNA expression of BDNF in hippocampus of GF mice was also found. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97952 |
organism model GF mouse decreases_expression of gene/protein |
| Comment | The levels of BDNF in the brain and serum of AD patients were significantly decreased. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97953 |
disease cooccurs with phenotype decreased BDNF level |
| Comment | Low levels of vitamin B12 in serum is associated with an increased risk of AD and MCI. A large amount of vitamin B12 is synthesized by gut microbiota. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97954 |
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| Comment | AD is also a systemic inflammatory disease and shows elevated Th1-mediated inflammation, which is similar to autoimmune diseases. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97955 |
disease cooccurs with phenotype increased Th1-mediated inflammation |
| Comment | Weaning Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were treated with ampicillin for 1 month, resulting in disruption of gut microbiota, elevation of serum corticosterone, increased anxiety-like behavior and impairment of spatial memory. Lactobacillus fermentum NS9 administration restored the physiological and psychological abnormalities induced by ampicillin. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97956 |
drug/chemical compound increases_activity of phenotype |
| Drugbank entries | Show/Hide entries for Ampicillin |
| Comment | Weaning Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were treated with ampicillin for 1 month, resulting in disruption of gut microbiota, elevation of serum corticosterone, increased anxiety-like behavior and impairment of spatial memory. Lactobacillus fermentum NS9 administration restored the physiological and psychological abnormalities induced by ampicillin. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97957 |
drug/chemical compound increases_activity of phenotype impaired spatial memory |
| Drugbank entries | Show/Hide entries for Ampicillin |
| Comment | Weaning Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were treated with ampicillin for 1 month, resulting in disruption of gut microbiota, elevation of serum corticosterone, increased anxiety-like behavior and impairment of spatial memory. Lactobacillus fermentum NS9 administration restored the physiological and psychological abnormalities induced by ampicillin. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97958 |
environment Lactobacillus fermentum NS9 decreases_activity of drug/chemical compound |
| Drugbank entries | Show/Hide entries for |
| Comment | Citrobacter rodentium is a gram negative pathogenic bacterium, which could cause temporary enteritis in mice and change the composition of gut microbiota. C. rodentium infection is not enough to change the memory and cognition in mice, but exposure to a psychological stress at the same time leads to reduced non-spatial recognition memory and working memory. Using probiotics intervention 1 week before infection can not only effectively restore the infection induced gut microbiota imbalance, but also prevent stress induced cognitive behavior changes. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97959 |
environment Citrobacter rodentium increases_activity of environment altered gut microbiota composition |
| Comment | Citrobacter rodentium is a gram negative pathogenic bacterium, which could cause temporary enteritis in mice and change the composition of gut microbiota. C. rodentium infection is not enough to change the memory and cognition in mice, but exposure to a psychological stress at the same time leads to reduced non-spatial recognition memory and working memory. Using probiotics intervention 1 week before infection can not only effectively restore the infection induced gut microbiota imbalance, but also prevent stress induced cognitive behavior changes. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97960 |
environment Probiotics decreases_activity of environment Citrobacter rodentium |
| Comment | Taking a probiotic formulation consisting of Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175 can obviously improve the cognitive behavior efforts response to external stimuli in healthy human subjects. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97961 |
environment Bifidobacterium longum R0175 increases_activity of process cognitive behavior |
| Comment | The scientists from European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) and the MetaHIT Consortium analyzed the gut microbiota of individuals from different countries and regions and divided the gut microbiota into three predominant enterotypes, respectively dominated by Bacteroides, Prevotella and Ruminococcus genus. Bacteroides enterotype mainly contains species good at ferment carbohydrates and protein. Prevotella enterotype mainly comprises species able to degrade plant polysaccharides and mucin glycoproteins present in the mucosal layer of the gut and interacts with immune system. Ruminococcus enterotype is enriched in species which is able to degrade mucins and helps cells to uptake sugars. Bacteroides enterotype is strongly associated with excessive intake of protein and animal fat and Prevotella enterotype is strongly associated with carbohydrates. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97962 |
environment Prevotella affects_activity of environment gut microbiota |
| Comment | The scientists from European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) and the MetaHIT Consortium analyzed the gut microbiota of individuals from different countries and regions and divided the gut microbiota into three predominant enterotypes, respectively dominated by Bacteroides, Prevotella and Ruminococcus genus. Bacteroides enterotype mainly contains species good at ferment carbohydrates and protein. Prevotella enterotype mainly comprises species able to degrade plant polysaccharides and mucin glycoproteins present in the mucosal layer of the gut and interacts with immune system. Ruminococcus enterotype is enriched in species which is able to degrade mucins and helps cells to uptake sugars. Bacteroides enterotype is strongly associated with excessive intake of protein and animal fat and Prevotella enterotype is strongly associated with carbohydrates. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97963 |
environment Ruminococcus affects_activity of environment gut microbiota |
| Comment | Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFAs) are vital for neuronal and brain functions. The main omega-3 PUFAs include docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5). The serum DHA levels of AD patients were significantly decreased when compared with healthy controls. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97964 |
drug/chemical compound Polyunsaturated fatty acid, omega-3 increases_activity of tissue/cell line |
| Comment | Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFAs) are vital for neuronal and brain functions. The main omega-3 PUFAs include docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5). The serum DHA levels of AD patients were significantly decreased when compared with healthy controls. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97965 |
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| Comment | Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFAs) are vital for neuronal and brain functions. The main omega-3 PUFAs include docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5). The serum DHA levels of AD patients were significantly decreased when compared with healthy controls. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97966 |
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| Comment | Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFAs) are vital for neuronal and brain functions. The main omega-3 PUFAs include docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5). The serum DHA levels of AD patients were significantly decreased when compared with healthy controls. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97967 |
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| Comment | Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFAs) are vital for neuronal and brain functions. The main omega-3 PUFAs include docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5). The serum DHA levels of AD patients were significantly decreased when compared with healthy controls. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97968 |
disease cooccurs with phenotype decreased docosahexaenoic acid level |
| Comment | High intake of omega-3 PUFAs from diet can lower the risk of AD and slow age-related cognitive decline. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97969 |
drug/chemical compound Polyunsaturated fatty acid, omega-3 decreases_activity of phenotype cognitive impairment |
| Comment | DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) are mainly obtained from deep-sea fish, which is the major dietary sources of omega-3 PUFAs of human. Increased fish consumption can significantly reduce the risk of AD. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97970 |
phenotype increased polyunsaturated fatty acid, omega-3 level decreases_activity of disease |
| Comment | DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) are mainly obtained from deep-sea fish, which is the major dietary sources of omega-3 PUFAs of human. Increased fish consumption can significantly reduce the risk of AD. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97971 |
phenotype increased eicosapentaenoic acid level decreases_activity of disease |
| Comment | Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFAs) are vital for neuronal and brain functions. The main omega-3 PUFAs include docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5). The serum DHA levels of AD patients were significantly decreased when compared with healthy controls. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97972 |
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| Comment | Caloric restriction about 30% for 3 months improved memory in elderly humans. Caloric restriction can promote host health by optimizing the gut microbiota composition, including the increase of bacteria positively related with health, such as lactobacillus, and decrease of bacteria negatively associated with health. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97973 |
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| Comment | Caloric restriction about 30% for 3 months improved memory in elderly humans. Caloric restriction can promote host health by optimizing the gut microbiota composition, including the increase of bacteria positively related with health, such as lactobacillus, and decrease of bacteria negatively associated with health. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97974 |
environment caloric restriction increases_quantity of environment Lactobacillus |
| Comment | Caloric restriction about 30% for 3 months improved memory in elderly humans. Caloric restriction can promote host health by optimizing the gut microbiota composition, including the increase of bacteria positively related with health, such as lactobacillus, and decrease of bacteria negatively associated with health. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97975 |
environment caloric restriction increases_activity of environment altered gut microbiota composition |
| Comment | Mediterranean diet appeared to benefit the health of Crohn’s disease patients, reflected by a trend for reduced inflammation biomarkers and normalization of the gut microbiota with increasing Bacteroidetes and Clostridium and decreasing Proteobacteria and Bacillaceae. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97976 |
environment mediterranean diet increases_quantity of environment Bacteroidetes |
| Comment | Mediterranean diet appeared to benefit the health of Crohn’s disease patients, reflected by a trend for reduced inflammation biomarkers and normalization of the gut microbiota with increasing Bacteroidetes and Clostridium and decreasing Proteobacteria and Bacillaceae. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97977 |
environment mediterranean diet increases_quantity of environment Clostridium |
| Comment | Mediterranean diet appeared to benefit the health of Crohn’s disease patients, reflected by a trend for reduced inflammation biomarkers and normalization of the gut microbiota with increasing Bacteroidetes and Clostridium and decreasing Proteobacteria and Bacillaceae. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97978 |
environment mediterranean diet decreases_quantity of environment Proteobacteria |
| Comment | Mediterranean diet appeared to benefit the health of Crohn’s disease patients, reflected by a trend for reduced inflammation biomarkers and normalization of the gut microbiota with increasing Bacteroidetes and Clostridium and decreasing Proteobacteria and Bacillaceae. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97979 |
environment mediterranean diet decreases_quantity of environment Bacillaceae |
| Comment | Gut microbiota is also important for the development and the integrity of BBB. GF mice displayed increased permeability of BBB compared to SPF mice with a normal gut microbiota. Reconstruction of the gut microbiota in GF mice decreased BBB permeability and up-regulated the expression of tight junction proteins. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97980 |
organism model GF mouse increases_activity of phenotype |
| Comment | Gut microbiota is also important for the development and the integrity of BBB. GF mice displayed increased permeability of BBB compared to SPF mice with a normal gut microbiota. Reconstruction of the gut microbiota in GF mice decreased BBB permeability and up-regulated the expression of tight junction proteins. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97981 |
organism model GF mouse increases_activity of phenotype increased blood-brain barrier permeability |
| Comment | Gut microbiota is also important for the development and the integrity of BBB. GF mice displayed increased permeability of BBB compared to SPF mice with a normal gut microbiota. Reconstruction of the gut microbiota in GF mice decreased BBB permeability and up-regulated the expression of tight junction proteins. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97982 |
environment gut microbiota decreases_activity of phenotype |
| Comment | Gut microbiota is also important for the development and the integrity of BBB. GF mice displayed increased permeability of BBB compared to SPF mice with a normal gut microbiota. Reconstruction of the gut microbiota in GF mice decreased BBB permeability and up-regulated the expression of tight junction proteins. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97983 |
environment gut microbiota decreases_activity of phenotype |
| Comment | Gut microbiota is also important for the development and the integrity of BBB. GF mice displayed increased permeability of BBB compared to SPF mice with a normal gut microbiota. Reconstruction of the gut microbiota in GF mice decreased BBB permeability and up-regulated the expression of tight junction proteins. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97984 |
environment gut microbiota increases_expression of gene/protein TJP |
| Comment | In healthy condition, the LPS is blocked from the bloodstream by the tight junctions that exist between the intestinal epithelial cells. The levels of LPS in the blood represent not only inflammation but also leaky gut. Studies found that the plasma levels of LPS in patients with AD were three times higher than healthy controls. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97985 |
disease cooccurs with phenotype increased lipopolysaccharide level |
| Comment | Increased concentrations of plasma LPS and fecal calprotectin indicate a disturbed intestinal barrier function and increased intestinal inflammation and permeability in AD patients. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97986 |
phenotype increased calprotectin level cooccurs with phenotype |
| Comment | Increased concentrations of plasma LPS and fecal calprotectin indicate a disturbed intestinal barrier function and increased intestinal inflammation and permeability in AD patients. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97987 |
phenotype increased calprotectin level cooccurs with phenotype abnormal intestinal barrier |
| Comment | Increased concentrations of plasma LPS and fecal calprotectin indicate a disturbed intestinal barrier function and increased intestinal inflammation and permeability in AD patients. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97988 |
phenotype increased lipopolysaccharide level cooccurs with phenotype abnormal intestinal barrier |
| Comment | Increased concentrations of plasma LPS and fecal calprotectin indicate a disturbed intestinal barrier function and increased intestinal inflammation and permeability in AD patients. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97989 |
phenotype increased calprotectin level cooccurs with phenotype increased intestinal permeability |
| Comment | Increased concentrations of plasma LPS and fecal calprotectin indicate a disturbed intestinal barrier function and increased intestinal inflammation and permeability in AD patients. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97990 |
phenotype increased calprotectin level cooccurs with phenotype increased intestinal permeability |
| Comment | Gram-positive Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in the gut, such as Lactobacillus brevis and Bifidobacterium dentium, are able to produce gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by metabolizing glutamate. The increase of GABA in the gastrointestinal tract is correlated with the increase of GABA in CNS. Gut microbiota disruption, especially the reduction of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, will influence the production of GABA in the gut and then lead to reduction of GABA in CNS. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97991 |
environment Bifidobacterium dentium increases_quantity of drug/chemical compound |
| Comment | Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is very important in regulating cognitive function. More than 95% of the 5-HT are synthesized in the gut, and gut microbiota plays an important role in the synthesis of 5-HT. The content of 5-HT in the blood of GF mice was about 60% lower than that of the SPF mice with a normal gut microbiota, and the concentration was significantly increased when the gut microbiota was reconstructed in GF mice. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97992 |
organism model GF mouse decreases_quantity of drug/chemical compound |
| Comment | Disruption of gut microbiota by antibiotics treatment also significantly reduces the level of NMDA receptor in hippocampus. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97993 |
drug/chemical compound Antibiotic decreases_quantity of complex/PPI NMDA receptor complex |
| Comment | Disruption of gut microbiota by antibiotics treatment also significantly reduces the level of NMDA receptor in hippocampus. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97994 |
drug/chemical compound Antibiotic decreases_activity of environment gut microbiota |
| Comment | Low levels of vitamin B12 in serum is associated with an increased risk of AD and MCI. A large amount of vitamin B12 is synthesized by gut microbiota. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97995 |
|
| Comment | Different bacterial structure determines the difference of human biochemistry, genetic individuality and resistance to diseases. Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes are two dominant bacterial phylum in the gut, with Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobiota, Fusobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Actinbacteria, Spirochetes, and so on as the remainder. The gut microbiota encode about 4,000,000 genes, making the human genetic complexity closer to 4,026,600 genes when plus the 26,600 host genes, which far more than rice and other species. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 98514 |
environment Firmicutes affects_activity of environment gut microbiota |
| Comment | Reconstruction of the gut microbiota in GF mice decreased BBB permeability and up-regulated the expression of tight junction proteins. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 130623 |
environment gut microbiota decreases_activity of phenotype increased blood-brain barrier permeability |