CIDeRplusGeneral Information:
| Id: | 9,147 |
| Diseases: |
Alzheimer disease
- [OMIM]
Gastrointestinal Mental Metabolic Neurological |
| Mammalia | |
| review | |
| Reference: | de J R De-Paula V et al.(2018) Relevance of gutmicrobiota in cognition, behaviour and Alzheimers disease Pharmacol. Res. 136: 29-34 [PMID: 30138667] |
Interaction Information:
| Comment | Approximately 95% of the symbiotic microbes in human body are located in the gut. This microbioma is involved in important homeostatic processes, not only related to gastrointestinal function but also to several complex modulatory processes, such as glucose and bone metabolism, inflammation and immune response, peripheral (enteric) and central neurotransmission. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96387 |
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| Comment | Approximately 95% of the symbiotic microbes in human body are located in the gut. This microbioma is involved in important homeostatic processes, not only related to gastrointestinal function but also to several complex modulatory processes, such as glucose and bone metabolism, inflammation and immune response, peripheral (enteric) and central neurotransmission. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96483 |
environment gut microbiota affects_activity of process bone metabolic process |
| Comment | Approximately 95% of the symbiotic microbes in human body are located in the gut. This microbioma is involved in important homeostatic processes, not only related to gastrointestinal function but also to several complex modulatory processes, such as glucose and bone metabolism, inflammation and immune response, peripheral (enteric) and central neurotransmission. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96484 |
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| Comment | Approximately 95% of the symbiotic microbes in human body are located in the gut. This microbioma is involved in important homeostatic processes, not only related to gastrointestinal function but also to several complex modulatory processes, such as glucose and bone metabolism, inflammation and immune response, peripheral (enteric) and central neurotransmission. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96485 |
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| Comment | Approximately 95% of the symbiotic microbes in human body are located in the gut. This microbioma is involved in important homeostatic processes, not only related to gastrointestinal function but also to several complex modulatory processes, such as glucose and bone metabolism, inflammation and immune response, peripheral (enteric) and central neurotransmission. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96486 |
environment gut microbiota affects_activity of process peripheral neurotransmission |
| Comment | Approximately 95% of the symbiotic microbes in human body are located in the gut. This microbioma is involved in important homeostatic processes, not only related to gastrointestinal function but also to several complex modulatory processes, such as glucose and bone metabolism, inflammation and immune response, peripheral (enteric) and central neurotransmission. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96487 |
environment gut microbiota affects_activity of process central neurotransmission |
| Comment | Through metabolic activity of non- pathogenical microorganisms and secretion of functional by-products that increase the permeability of the intestinal mucosa, the gut microbiota influences both the production and absorption of neurotransmitters (e.g., serotonin and GABA), increasing their bioavailability to the CNS. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96488 |
environment gut microbiota affects_activity of |
| Comment | Through metabolic activity of non- pathogenical microorganisms and secretion of functional by-products that increase the permeability of the intestinal mucosa, the gut microbiota influences both the production and absorption of neurotransmitters (e.g., serotonin and GABA), increasing their bioavailability to the CNS. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96489 |
environment gut microbiota affects_activity of process neurotransmitter absorption |
| Comment | Through metabolic activity of non- pathogenical microorganisms and secretion of functional by-products that increase the permeability of the intestinal mucosa, the gut microbiota influences both the production and absorption of neurotransmitters (e.g., serotonin and GABA), increasing their bioavailability to the CNS. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96490 |
environment gut microbiota increases_activity of phenotype increased intestinal permeability |
| Comment | Through metabolic activity of non- pathogenical microorganisms and secretion of functional by-products that increase the permeability of the intestinal mucosa, the gut microbiota influences both the production and absorption of neurotransmitters (e.g., serotonin and GABA), increasing their bioavailability to the CNS. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96491 |
environment gut microbiota increases_activity of process metabolite bioavailability |
| Comment | It has been further shown some components of the gut microbiota - predominantly bacteria - synthesize and release amyloid peptides and lipopolysaccharides, which in turn activate inflammatory signalling through the release of cytokines, with potential effects on the pathophysiological cascade of Alzheimer disease. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96492 |
environment gut microbiota affects_quantity of gene/protein |
| Comment | It has been further shown some components of the gut microbiota - predominantly bacteria - synthesize and release amyloid peptides and lipopolysaccharides, which in turn activate inflammatory signalling through the release of cytokines, with potential effects on the pathophysiological cascade of Alzheimer disease. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96493 |
environment gut microbiota increases_quantity of drug/chemical compound |
| Comment | The composition of gut microbiota in humans has been found to be related to several medical diseases, including obesity, diabetes, asthma, inflammatory gastrointestinal, and other autoimmune diseases. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96494 |
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| Comment | Amongst many neuropsychiatric disorders, there is evidence of abnormalities in gut microbiota associated with autism spectrum disorder, depression, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96495 |
environment altered gut microbiota composition affects_activity of disease Autism spectrum disorder |
| Comment | Some studies have demonstrated a critical implication of the composition of human microbiota on metabolic syndrome, where a diet enriched with polyphenols and polysaccharides can modulate and stimulated the gut microbiota and its impact of type 2 diabetes and obesity reduction. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96496 |
environment altered gut microbiota composition affects_activity of disease Metabolic syndrome |
| Comment | The composition of gut microbiota in humans has been found to be related to several medical diseases, including obesity, diabetes, asthma, inflammatory gastrointestinal, and other autoimmune diseases. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96497 |
environment altered gut microbiota composition affects_activity of disease Diabetes mellitus |
| Comment | The composition of gut microbiota in humans has been found to be related to several medical diseases, including obesity, diabetes, asthma, inflammatory gastrointestinal, and other autoimmune diseases. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96498 |
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| Comment | The composition of gut microbiota in humans has been found to be related to several medical diseases, including obesity, diabetes, asthma, inflammatory gastrointestinal, and other autoimmune diseases. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96499 |
environment altered gut microbiota composition affects_activity of phenotype |
| Comment | The composition of gut microbiota in humans has been found to be related to several medical diseases, including obesity, diabetes, asthma, inflammatory gastrointestinal, and other autoimmune diseases. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96500 |
environment altered gut microbiota composition affects_activity of disease Autoimmune disease |
| Comment | Amongst many neuropsychiatric disorders, there is evidence of abnormalities in gut microbiota associated with autism spectrum disorder, depression, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96501 |
environment altered gut microbiota composition affects_activity of phenotype |
| Comment | Amongst many neuropsychiatric disorders, there is evidence of abnormalities in gut microbiota associated with autism spectrum disorder, depression, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96502 |
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| Comment | Amongst many neuropsychiatric disorders, there is evidence of abnormalities in gut microbiota associated with autism spectrum disorder, depression, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96503 |
environment altered gut microbiota composition affects_activity of disease Parkinson disease |
| Comment | Some studies have demonstrated a critical implication of the composition of human microbiota on metabolic syndrome, where a diet enriched with polyphenols and polysaccharides can modulate and stimulated the gut microbiota and its impact of type 2 diabetes and obesity reduction. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96504 |
environment polyphenol-polysaccharide diet affects_activity of environment gut microbiota |
| Comment | The interactions with the central nervous system (CNS) occur within the so-called ‚Äėmicrobiota-gut-brain axis‚Äô, a complex and bidirectional communication network between the gut and the CNS. The gut microbiota effects on the brain are transduced by the activation of the vagus nerve, through the secretion of signaling molecules and the modulation of the immune system. The metabolic products of the healthy microbiome are required for the optimal function of the CNS microglia. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96505 |
process microbiota-gut-brain axis interacts (colocalizes) with tissue/cell line |
| Comment | The interactions with the central nervous system (CNS) occur within the so-called ‚Äėmicrobiota-gut-brain axis‚Äô, a complex and bidirectional communication network between the gut and the CNS. The gut microbiota effects on the brain are transduced by the activation of the vagus nerve, through the secretion of signaling molecules and the modulation of the immune system. The metabolic products of the healthy microbiome are required for the optimal function of the CNS microglia. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96506 |
environment gut microbiota affects_activity of tissue/cell line |
| Comment | The microbiota is very important for the maturation and activation of microglia. This activation is important in health and in pathological state. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96507 |
environment gut microbiota affects_activity of tissue/cell line |
| Comment | Certain gut microbiota organisms may specifically influence neuroinflammatory signaling (e.g., Bacteroides vulgatus, Bacteroides distasonis, Lactobacillus salivarius, Clostridium cluster, Bifidobacterium longum) and affect brain function in rodents and humans (e.g., Bifidobacteria infantis). |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96508 |
environment gut microbiota affects_activity of process neuroinflammatory signaling |
| Comment | Certain gut microbiota organisms may specifically influence neuroinflammatory signaling (e.g., Bacteroides vulgatus, Bacteroides distasonis, Lactobacillus salivarius, Clostridium cluster, Bifidobacterium longum) and affect brain function in rodents and humans (e.g., Bifidobacteria infantis). |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96509 |
environment Bacteroides vulgatus affects_activity of process neuroinflammatory signaling |
| Comment | Certain gut microbiota organisms may specifically influence neuroinflammatory signaling (e.g., Bacteroides vulgatus, Bacteroides distasonis, Lactobacillus salivarius, Clostridium cluster, Bifidobacterium longum) and affect brain function in rodents and humans (e.g., Bifidobacteria infantis). |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96510 |
environment Bacteroides distasonis affects_activity of process neuroinflammatory signaling |
| Comment | Certain gut microbiota organisms may specifically influence neuroinflammatory signaling (e.g., Bacteroides vulgatus, Bacteroides distasonis, Lactobacillus salivarius, Clostridium cluster, Bifidobacterium longum) and affect brain function in rodents and humans (e.g., Bifidobacteria infantis). |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96511 |
environment Lactobacillus salivarius affects_activity of process neuroinflammatory signaling |
| Comment | Certain gut microbiota organisms may specifically influence neuroinflammatory signaling (e.g., Bacteroides vulgatus, Bacteroides distasonis, Lactobacillus salivarius, Clostridium cluster, Bifidobacterium longum) and affect brain function in rodents and humans (e.g., Bifidobacteria infantis). |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96512 |
environment Clostridium cluster affects_activity of process neuroinflammatory signaling |
| Comment | Certain gut microbiota organisms may specifically influence neuroinflammatory signaling (e.g., Bacteroides vulgatus, Bacteroides distasonis, Lactobacillus salivarius, Clostridium cluster, Bifidobacterium longum) and affect brain function in rodents and humans (e.g., Bifidobacteria infantis). |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96513 |
environment Bifidobacterium longum affects_activity of process neuroinflammatory signaling |
| Comment | Certain gut microbiota organisms may specifically influence neuroinflammatory signaling (e.g., Bacteroides vulgatus, Bacteroides distasonis, Lactobacillus salivarius, Clostridium cluster, Bifidobacterium longum) and affect brain function in rodents and humans (e.g., Bifidobacteria infantis). |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96514 |
environment Bifidobacterium infantis affects_activity of tissue/cell line |
| Comment | Changes in the composition and function of gut microbiota significantly affect neuronal function and, consequently, the host’s behaviour. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96515 |
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| Comment | Changes in the composition and function of gut microbiota significantly affect neuronal function and, consequently, the host’s behaviour. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96516 |
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| Comment | Antibiotic-induced disruption of gut microbiota (e.g. via treatment with ampicillin) resulted in increased serum corticosteroid levels, inflammation and cognitive-behavioral abnormalities (i.e., memory impairment and anxiety as shown in the elevated plus maze and Morris water maze tests). |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96517 |
drug/chemical compound Antibiotic increases_activity of environment altered gut microbiota composition |
| Comment | Antibiotic-induced disruption of gut microbiota (e.g. via treatment with ampicillin) resulted in increased serum corticosteroid levels, inflammation and cognitive-behavioral abnormalities (i.e., memory impairment and anxiety as shown in the elevated plus maze and Morris water maze tests). In this study, both physiological and psychological deficits were reverted by the recomposition of gut microbiota by the administration of Lactobacillus fermentum (strain NS9). |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96518 |
drug/chemical compound Antibiotic increases_quantity of drug/chemical compound Corticosteroid |
| Comment | Antibiotic-induced disruption of gut microbiota (e.g. via treatment with ampicillin) resulted in increased serum corticosteroid levels, inflammation and cognitive-behavioral abnormalities (i.e., memory impairment and anxiety as shown in the elevated plus maze and Morris water maze tests). In this study, both physiological and psychological deficits were reverted by the recomposition of gut microbiota by the administration of Lactobacillus fermentum (strain NS9). |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96519 |
drug/chemical compound Antibiotic increases_activity of process |
| Comment | Antibiotic-induced disruption of gut microbiota (e.g. via treatment with ampicillin) resulted in increased serum corticosteroid levels, inflammation and cognitive-behavioral abnormalities (i.e., memory impairment and anxiety as shown in the elevated plus maze and Morris water maze tests). In this study, both physiological and psychological deficits were reverted by the recomposition of gut microbiota by the administration of Lactobacillus fermentum (strain NS9). |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96520 |
drug/chemical compound Antibiotic increases_activity of phenotype |
| Comment | Antibiotic-induced disruption of gut microbiota (e.g. via treatment with ampicillin) resulted in increased serum corticosteroid levels, inflammation and cognitive-behavioral abnormalities (i.e., memory impairment and anxiety as shown in the elevated plus maze and Morris water maze tests). In this study, both physiological and psychological deficits were reverted by the recomposition of gut microbiota by the administration of Lactobacillus fermentum (strain NS9). |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96521 |
drug/chemical compound Antibiotic increases_activity of phenotype |
| Comment | Antibiotic-induced disruption of gut microbiota (e.g. via treatment with ampicillin) resulted in increased serum corticosteroid levels, inflammation and cognitive-behavioral abnormalities (i.e., memory impairment and anxiety as shown in the elevated plus maze and Morris water maze tests). In this study, both physiological and psychological deficits were reverted by the recomposition of gut microbiota by the administration of Lactobacillus fermentum (strain NS9). |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96522 |
drug/chemical compound Antibiotic increases_activity of phenotype |
| Comment | Antibiotic-induced disruption of gut microbiota (e.g. via treatment with ampicillin) resulted in increased serum corticosteroid levels, inflammation and cognitive-behavioral abnormalities (i.e., memory impairment and anxiety as shown in the elevated plus maze and Morris water maze tests). In this study, both physiological and psychological deficits were reverted by the recomposition of gut microbiota by the administration of Lactobacillus fermentum (strain NS9). |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96523 |
drug/chemical compound increases_activity of environment altered gut microbiota composition |
| Drugbank entries | Show/Hide entries for Ampicillin |
| Comment | Antibiotic-induced disruption of gut microbiota (e.g. via treatment with ampicillin) resulted in increased serum corticosteroid levels, inflammation and cognitive-behavioral abnormalities (i.e., memory impairment and anxiety as shown in the elevated plus maze and Morris water maze tests). In this study, both physiological and psychological deficits were reverted by the recomposition of gut microbiota by the administration of Lactobacillus fermentum (strain NS9). |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96524 |
drug/chemical compound increases_quantity of drug/chemical compound Corticosteroid |
| Drugbank entries | Show/Hide entries for Ampicillin |
| Comment | Antibiotic-induced disruption of gut microbiota (e.g. via treatment with ampicillin) resulted in increased serum corticosteroid levels, inflammation and cognitive-behavioral abnormalities (i.e., memory impairment and anxiety as shown in the elevated plus maze and Morris water maze tests). In this study, both physiological and psychological deficits were reverted by the recomposition of gut microbiota by the administration of Lactobacillus fermentum (strain NS9). |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96525 |
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| Drugbank entries | Show/Hide entries for Ampicillin |
| Comment | Antibiotic-induced disruption of gut microbiota (e.g. via treatment with ampicillin) resulted in increased serum corticosteroid levels, inflammation and cognitive-behavioral abnormalities (i.e., memory impairment and anxiety as shown in the elevated plus maze and Morris water maze tests). In this study, both physiological and psychological deficits were reverted by the recomposition of gut microbiota by the administration of Lactobacillus fermentum (strain NS9). |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96526 |
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| Drugbank entries | Show/Hide entries for Ampicillin |
| Comment | Antibiotic-induced disruption of gut microbiota (e.g. via treatment with ampicillin) resulted in increased serum corticosteroid levels, inflammation and cognitive-behavioral abnormalities (i.e., memory impairment and anxiety as shown in the elevated plus maze and Morris water maze tests). In this study, both physiological and psychological deficits were reverted by the recomposition of gut microbiota by the administration of Lactobacillus fermentum (strain NS9). |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96527 |
drug/chemical compound increases_activity of phenotype |
| Drugbank entries | Show/Hide entries for Ampicillin |
| Comment | Antibiotic-induced disruption of gut microbiota (e.g. via treatment with ampicillin) resulted in increased serum corticosteroid levels, inflammation and cognitive-behavioral abnormalities (i.e., memory impairment and anxiety as shown in the elevated plus maze and Morris water maze tests). In this study, both physiological and psychological deficits were reverted by the recomposition of gut microbiota by the administration of Lactobacillus fermentum (strain NS9). |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96528 |
drug/chemical compound increases_activity of phenotype |
| Drugbank entries | Show/Hide entries for Ampicillin |
| Comment | Antibiotic-induced disruption of gut microbiota (e.g. via treatment with ampicillin) resulted in increased serum corticosteroid levels, inflammation and cognitive-behavioral abnormalities (i.e., memory impairment and anxiety as shown in the elevated plus maze and Morris water maze tests). In this study, both physiological and psychological deficits were reverted by the recomposition of gut microbiota by the administration of Lactobacillus fermentum (strain NS9). |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96529 |
environment Lactobacillus fermentum (strain NS9) decreases_activity of drug/chemical compound |
| Drugbank entries | Show/Hide entries for |
| Comment | Citrobacter rodentium is a component of dysbiosis that may cause temporary enteritis in mice, and its overgrowth in an animal model has also been associated with cognitive impairment, i.e., reduced non-spatial recognition and working memory. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96530 |
environment Citrobacter rodentium increases_activity of environment gut dysbiosis |
| Comment | Probiotic treatment for one week prior to infection with Citrobacter rodentium decreased stress-induced cognitive and behavioural changes. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96531 |
environment Probiotics decreases_activity of environment Citrobacter rodentium |
| Comment | Probiotic treatment for one week prior to infection with Citrobacter rodentium decreased stress-induced cognitive and behavioural changes. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96532 |
environment Probiotics decreases_activity of process |
| Comment | The administration of Lactobacillus helveticus (NS8) for four weeks by intraperitoneal injection in a rat model improved cognitive and behavioural impairment caused by chronic stress. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96533 |
environment Lactobacillus helveticus NS8 decreases_activity of phenotype cognitive impairment |
| Comment | The administration of two strains of Bifidobacteria (B. longum and B. breve) for eleven weeks to BALB/c mice facilitated cognitive processes such as learning, memory and recognition ability. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96534 |
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| Comment | In a neuroimaging study conducted in humans, the ingestion of fermented milk with probiotics changed the intrinsic activity of the resting brain, modulating the activity of certain areas involved in the control of emotions and sensations. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96535 |
environment Probiotics affects_activity of tissue/cell line |
| Comment | The administration of Lactobacillus helveticus (NS8) for four weeks by intraperitoneal injection in a rat model improved cognitive and behavioural impairment caused by chronic stress. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96537 |
environment Lactobacillus helveticus NS8 decreases_activity of phenotype |
| Comment | The administration of Lactobacillus helveticus (NS8) for four weeks by intraperitoneal injection in a rat model improved cognitive and behavioural impairment caused by chronic stress. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96538 |
environment Lactobacillus helveticus NS8 decreases_activity of process |
| Comment | Under normal conditions, the gut microbiota secretes neurotransmitters (e.g., Gamma-AminoButyric Acid-GABA, serotonin) and trophic factors (e.g., brain derived neurotrophic factor-BDNF), being therefore indirectly related to neuronal communication, maintenance and survival through neurotrophic support. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96539 |
environment gut microbiota increases_activity of process |
| Comment | Under normal conditions, the gut microbiota secretes neurotransmitters (e.g. Gamma-Amino-Butyric Acid-GABA, serotonin) and trophic factors (e.g., brain derived neurotrophic factor-BDNF), being therefore indirectly related to neuronal communication, maintenance and survival through neurotrophic support. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96540 |
environment gut microbiota increases_activity of |
| Comment | Under normal conditions, the gut microbiota secretes neurotransmitters (e.g. Gamma-Amino-Butyric Acid-GABA, serotonin) and trophic factors (e.g., brain derived neurotrophic factor-BDNF), being therefore indirectly related to neuronal communication, maintenance and survival through neurotrophic support. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96541 |
environment gut microbiota increases_activity of process |
| Comment | Under normal conditions, the gut microbiota secretes neurotransmitters (e.g., Gamma-AminoButyric Acid-GABA, serotonin) and trophic factors (e.g., brain derived neurotrophic factor-BDNF), being therefore indirectly related to neuronal communication, maintenance and survival through neurotrophic support. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96542 |
environment gut microbiota increases_activity of process trophic factor secretion |
| Comment | Under normal conditions, the gut microbiota secretes neurotransmitters (e.g., Gamma-AminoButyric Acid-GABA, serotonin) and trophic factors (e.g., brain derived neurotrophic factor-BDNF), being therefore indirectly related to neuronal communication, maintenance and survival through neurotrophic support. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96543 |
environment gut microbiota increases_activity of process BDNF secretion |
| Comment | GABA is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the human CNS and dysfunctions in the GABAergic system contribute to cognitive and memory impairment. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96544 |
drug/chemical compound affects_activity of process |
| Comment | Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria, components of the normal gut microbiota, convert monosodium glutamate into GABA; increased GABA in the gastrointestinal tract results in increased CNS availability of this neurotransmitter, up-regulating inhibitory signaling through GABAergic neurons. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96545 |
environment Lactobacillus decreases_quantity of drug/chemical compound Monosodium glutamate |
| Comment | Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria, components of the normal gut microbiota, convert monosodium glutamate into GABA; increased GABA in the gastrointestinal tract results in increased CNS availability of this neurotransmitter, up-regulating inhibitory signaling through GABAergic neurons. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96546 |
environment Lactobacillus increases_quantity of drug/chemical compound |
| Comment | Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria, components of the normal gut microbiota, convert monosodium glutamate into GABA; increased GABA in the gastrointestinal tract results in increased CNS availability of this neurotransmitter, up-regulating inhibitory signaling through GABAergic neurons. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96547 |
environment Bifidobacterium decreases_quantity of drug/chemical compound Monosodium glutamate |
| Comment | Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria, components of the normal gut microbiota, convert monosodium glutamate into GABA; increased GABA in the gastrointestinal tract results in increased CNS availability of this neurotransmitter, up-regulating inhibitory signaling through GABAergic neurons. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96548 |
environment Bifidobacterium increases_quantity of drug/chemical compound |
| Comment | Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria, components of the normal gut microbiota, convert monosodium glutamate into GABA; increased GABA in the gastrointestinal tract results in increased CNS availability of this neurotransmitter, up-regulating inhibitory signaling through GABAergic neurons. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96549 |
environment Lactobacillus affects_activity of environment gut microbiota |
| Comment | Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria, components of the normal gut microbiota, convert monosodium glutamate into GABA; increased GABA in the gastrointestinal tract results in increased CNS availability of this neurotransmitter, up-regulating inhibitory signaling through GABAergic neurons. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96550 |
environment Bifidobacterium affects_activity of environment gut microbiota |
| Comment | GABA is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the human CNS and dysfunctions in the GABAergic system contribute to cognitive and memory impairment. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96551 |
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| Comment | GABA is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the human CNS and dysfunctions in the GABAergic system contribute to cognitive and memory impairment. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96552 |
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| Comment | Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria, components of the normal gut microbiota, convert monosodium glutamate into GABA; increased GABA in the gastrointestinal tract results in increased CNS availability of this neurotransmitter, up-regulating inhibitory signaling through GABAergic neurons. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96553 |
phenotype increased GABA level increases_activity of phenotype increased CNS bioavailability of GABA |
| Comment | Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria, components of the normal gut microbiota, convert monosodium glutamate into GABA; increased GABA in the gastrointestinal tract results in increased CNS availability of this neurotransmitter, up-regulating inhibitory signaling through GABAergic neurons. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96554 |
phenotype increased GABA level increases_activity of process |
| Comment | Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria, components of the normal gut microbiota, convert monosodium glutamate into GABA; increased GABA in the gastrointestinal tract results in increased CNS availability of this neurotransmitter, up-regulating inhibitory signaling through GABAergic neurons. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96555 |
environment Lactobacillus affects_activity of tissue/cell line |
| Comment | Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria, components of the normal gut microbiota, convert monosodium glutamate into GABA; increased GABA in the gastrointestinal tract results in increased CNS availability of this neurotransmitter, up-regulating inhibitory signaling through GABAergic neurons. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96556 |
environment Bifidobacterium affects_activity of tissue/cell line |
| Comment | Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria, components of the normal gut microbiota, convert monosodium glutamate into GABA; increased GABA in the gastrointestinal tract results in increased CNS availability of this neurotransmitter, up-regulating inhibitory signaling through GABAergic neurons. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96557 |
environment Lactobacillus increases_activity of process |
| Comment | Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria, components of the normal gut microbiota, convert monosodium glutamate into GABA; increased GABA in the gastrointestinal tract results in increased CNS availability of this neurotransmitter, up-regulating inhibitory signaling through GABAergic neurons. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96558 |
environment Bifidobacterium increases_activity of process |
| Comment | Serotonin (5-HT) is a key element in the gut-brain axis, acting as a neurotransmitter both in the CNS and in the enteric nervous system. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96560 |
drug/chemical compound affects_activity of process gut-brain axis |
| Comment | The gut microbiota regulates the availability of tryptophan by dislocating its uptake to the bacterial kynurenine pathway in detriment of serotonin synthesis by epithelial cells. Therefore, the gut microbiota, predominantly represented by Escherichia coli and Enterococci, plays an important role in the regulation of serotonin production, affecting the availability of this neurotransmitter both in enteric and central nervous systems. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96561 |
environment gut microbiota affects_activity of process tryptophan bioavailability |
| Comment | BDNF is essential for the normal function and survival of neurons in mature peripheral and central nervous system. The availability of BNDF is also affected by the gut microbiota. In germ-free mice, the expression of BDNF was found to be decreased in the hippocampus, both at protein and mRNA levels, and this finding was significantly associated with impaired cognition in this animal model. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96562 |
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| Comment | The proliferation of gut microbiota in rats by the administration of prebiotic agents lead to increased expression of BDNF in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96563 |
environment prebiotic diet increases_quantity of environment gut microbiota |
| Comment | Gut microbiota converts dietary polyphenols into phenolic acids, in the so-called metabolism of anthocyanidins. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96565 |
environment gut microbiota decreases_quantity of drug/chemical compound Polyphenol |
| Comment | Animal studies indicate that abnormal 5-HT biosynthesis caused by the disruption of gut microbiota may also affect the pathological process of AD. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96566 |
environment altered gut microbiota composition increases_activity of phenotype abnormal serotonin biosynthetic process |
| Comment | It was demonstrated that probiotic consumption by AD patients was associated with benefits to cognitive function and metabolic state. In this study, the intervention group received 200 ml/day of probiotic milk containing three strains of Lactobacilli (Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. casei, and L. fermentum) and Bifidobacterium bifidum for twelve weeks; as compared to controls, subjects in the experimental group performed better in the Mini-Mental State Examination scores and had decrements in markers of inflammation state and insulin resistance. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96567 |
environment Probiotics decreases_activity of disease |
| Comment | Increased bacterial lipopolysaccharides in the hippocampus and neocortex of postmortem brains from Alzheimer¬īs disease patients were reported. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96568 |
disease cooccurs with phenotype increased bacterial lipopolysaccharide |
| Comment | Pro-inflammatory cytokines can be activated by gut microbiome through increased intestinal permeability, leading to the development of insulin resistance, which has also been associated with AD. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96569 |
environment gut microbiota increases_activity of gene/protein Proinflammatory cytokine |
| Comment | Escherichia/Shigella amount correlated positively with the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in cognitively impaired patients. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96570 |
environment increased Escherichia level cooccurs with phenotype increased proinflammatory cytokine level |
| Comment | Gut peptide hormones, such as ghrelin and leptin, are involved in the regulation of food intake and feeding behavior, being therefore implicated in energy homeostasis. Studies show that these factors also affect nervous functions, particularly learning and memory. Ghrelin is produced mainly by gastric oxyntic cells, devoid of contact with the gastrointestinal lumen, exerting therefore an endocrine role. Alternatively, this peptide is also produced by cells in the gastrointestinal tract with contact with the intestinal lumen, and therefore subject to the influence of the gut microbiota. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96571 |
tissue/cell line increases_quantity of gene/protein |
| Comment | Changes in the gut microbiota as a consequence of antibiotic treatment has been associated with changes in plasma ghrelin level. Similarly, the modification of gut microbiota with probiotics has been show to promote increased availability of leptin in the serum. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96572 |
environment altered gut microbiota composition cooccurs with phenotype altered ghrelin level |
| Comment | Ghrelin is involved in glucose and lipid metabolisms, with effects on mitochondrial respiration; it may also exert neuroprotective effects, illustrating the interaction between metabolism and mechanisms of neurodegeneration. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96573 |
gene/protein affects_activity of process |
| Comment | Ghrelin and leptin increases the secretion of neurotrophic factors consequently modifying the toxicity of Abeta oligomers and phosphorylated tau levels in animal model. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96574 |
gene/protein increases_activity of process neurotrophic factor secretion |
| Comment | Animal models of AD treated with leptin showed a reduction in Abeta and phosphorylated tau levels. In humans, plasma leptin concentration has been shown to be negatively correlated to Abeta levels, supposedly due to a direct inhibitory effect on gamma-secretase. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96575 |
|
| Comment | Serotonin (5-HT) is a key element in the gut-brain axis, acting as a neurotransmitter both in the CNS and in the enteric nervous system. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96576 |
drug/chemical compound affects_activity of |
| Comment | The major substrate for the synthesis of serotonin is the essential aminoacid tryptophan. The largest part of bioavailable tryptophan is dedicated to the synthesis of kynurenine, an essential metabolic pathway that leads the production of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) both in human and microbiota cells. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96577 |
drug/chemical compound increases_quantity of drug/chemical compound |
| Comment | The major substrate for the synthesis of serotonin is the essential aminoacid tryptophan. The largest part of bioavailable tryptophan is dedicated to the synthesis of kynurenine, an essential metabolic pathway that leads the production of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) both in human and microbiota cells. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96578 |
drug/chemical compound increases_quantity of drug/chemical compound |
| Comment | The major substrate for the synthesis of serotonin is the essential aminoacid tryptophan. The largest part of bioavailable tryptophan is dedicated to the synthesis of kynurenine, an essential metabolic pathway that leads the production of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) both in human and microbiota cells. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96579 |
drug/chemical compound affects_quantity of drug/chemical compound |
| Comment | The enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal epithelium account for 90% of serotonin synthesis, and this process requires an accurate balance between bacterial utilization and epithelial uptake of tryptophan for serotonin synthesis. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96580 |
tissue/cell line enterochromaffin cell increases_quantity of drug/chemical compound |
| Comment | The gut microbiota regulates the availability of tryptophan by dislocating its uptake to the bacterial kynurenine pathway in detriment of serotonin synthesis by epithelial cells. Therefore, the gut microbiota, predominantly represented by Escherichia coli and Enterococci, plays an important role in the regulation of serotonin production, affecting the availability of this neurotransmitter both in enteric and central nervous systems. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96581 |
environment gut microbiota affects_activity of |
| Comment | The gut microbiota regulates the availability of tryptophan by dislocating its uptake to the bacterial kynurenine pathway in detriment of serotonin synthesis by epithelial cells. Therefore, the gut microbiota, predominantly represented by Escherichia coli and Enterococci, plays an important role in the regulation of serotonin production, affecting the availability of this neurotransmitter both in enteric and central nervous systems. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96582 |
environment Escherichia coli affects_activity of |
| Comment | The gut microbiota regulates the availability of tryptophan by dislocating its uptake to the bacterial kynurenine pathway in detriment of serotonin synthesis by epithelial cells. Therefore, the gut microbiota, predominantly represented by Escherichia coli and Enterococci, plays an important role in the regulation of serotonin production, affecting the availability of this neurotransmitter both in enteric and central nervous systems. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96583 |
environment Enterococcus affects_activity of |
| Comment | The gut microbiota regulates the availability of tryptophan by dislocating its uptake to the bacterial kynurenine pathway in detriment of serotonin synthesis by epithelial cells. Therefore, the gut microbiota, predominantly represented by Escherichia coli and Enterococci, plays an important role in the regulation of serotonin production, affecting the availability of this neurotransmitter both in enteric and central nervous systems. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96584 |
environment Escherichia coli affects_activity of environment gut microbiota |
| Comment | The gut microbiota regulates the availability of tryptophan by dislocating its uptake to the bacterial kynurenine pathway in detriment of serotonin synthesis by epithelial cells. Therefore, the gut microbiota, predominantly represented by Escherichia coli and Enterococci, plays an important role in the regulation of serotonin production, affecting the availability of this neurotransmitter both in enteric and central nervous systems. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96585 |
environment Enterococcus affects_activity of environment gut microbiota |
| Comment | The gut microbiota regulates the availability of tryptophan by dislocating its uptake to the bacterial kynurenine pathway in detriment of serotonin synthesis by epithelial cells. Therefore, the gut microbiota, predominantly represented by Escherichia coli and Enterococci, plays an important role in the regulation of serotonin production, affecting the availability of this neurotransmitter both in enteric and central nervous systems. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96586 |
environment gut microbiota affects_activity of process serotonin bioavailability |
| Comment | The gut microbiota regulates the availability of tryptophan by dislocating its uptake to the bacterial kynurenine pathway in detriment of serotonin synthesis by epithelial cells. Therefore, the gut microbiota, predominantly represented by Escherichia coli and Enterococci, plays an important role in the regulation of serotonin production, affecting the availability of this neurotransmitter both in enteric and central nervous systems. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96587 |
environment Escherichia coli affects_activity of process serotonin bioavailability |
| Comment | The gut microbiota regulates the availability of tryptophan by dislocating its uptake to the bacterial kynurenine pathway in detriment of serotonin synthesis by epithelial cells. Therefore, the gut microbiota, predominantly represented by Escherichia coli and Enterococci, plays an important role in the regulation of serotonin production, affecting the availability of this neurotransmitter both in enteric and central nervous systems. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96588 |
environment Enterococcus affects_activity of process serotonin bioavailability |
| Comment | BDNF is essential for the normal function and survival of neurons in mature peripheral and central nervous system. The availability of BNDF is also affected by the gut microbiota. In germ-free mice, the expression of BDNF was found to be decreased in the hippocampus, both at protein and mRNA levels, and this finding was significantly associated with impaired cognition in this animal model. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96589 |
environment gut microbiota affects_activity of process BDNF bioavailability |
| Comment | BDNF is essential for the normal function and survival of neurons in mature peripheral and central nervous system. The availability of BNDF is also affected by the gut microbiota. In germ-free mice, the expression of BDNF was found to be decreased in the hippocampus, both at protein and mRNA levels, and this finding was significantly associated with impaired cognition in this animal model. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96590 |
organism model GF mouse decreases_expression of gene/protein |
| Comment | BDNF is essential for the normal function and survival of neurons in mature peripheral and central nervous system. The availability of BNDF is also affected by the gut microbiota. In germ-free mice, the expression of BDNF was found to be decreased in the hippocampus, both at protein and mRNA levels, and this finding was significantly associated with impaired cognition in this animal model. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96591 |
phenotype decreased BDNF expression cooccurs with phenotype |
| Comment | The proliferation of gut microbiota in rats by the administration of prebiotic agents lead to increased expression of BDNF in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96592 |
environment prebiotic diet increases_expression of gene/protein |
| Comment | The proliferation of gut microbiota in rats by the administration of prebiotic agents lead to increased expression of BDNF in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96593 |
environment prebiotic diet affects_activity of tissue/cell line |
| Comment | The proliferation of gut microbiota in rats by the administration of prebiotic agents lead to increased expression of BDNF in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96594 |
environment prebiotic diet affects_activity of tissue/cell line |
| Comment | Gut microbiota converts dietary polyphenols into phenolic acids, in the so-called metabolism of anthocyanidins. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96595 |
environment gut microbiota decreases_quantity of drug/chemical compound Phenolic acid |
| Comment | Gut microbiota converts dietary polyphenols into phenolic acids, in the so-called metabolism of anthocyanidins. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96596 |
environment gut microbiota affects_activity of process metabolism of anthocyanidins |
| Comment | It was demonstrated that probiotic consumption by AD patients was associated with benefits to cognitive function and metabolic state. In this study, the intervention group received 200 ml/day of probiotic milk containing three strains of Lactobacilli (Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. casei, and L. fermentum) and Bifidobacterium bifidum for twelve weeks; as compared to controls, subjects in the experimental group performed better in the Mini-Mental State Examination scores and had decrements in markers of inflammation state and insulin resistance. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96597 |
environment Lactobacillus acidophilus increases_activity of environment Probiotics |
| Comment | It was demonstrated that probiotic consumption by AD patients was associated with benefits to cognitive function and metabolic state. In this study, the intervention group received 200 ml/day of probiotic milk containing three strains of Lactobacilli (Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. casei, and L. fermentum) and Bifidobacterium bifidum for twelve weeks; as compared to controls, subjects in the experimental group performed better in the Mini-Mental State Examination scores and had decrements in markers of inflammation state and insulin resistance. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96598 |
environment Lactobacillus casei increases_activity of environment Probiotics |
| Comment | It was demonstrated that probiotic consumption by AD patients was associated with benefits to cognitive function and metabolic state. In this study, the intervention group received 200 ml/day of probiotic milk containing three strains of Lactobacilli (Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. casei, and L. fermentum) and Bifidobacterium bifidum for twelve weeks; as compared to controls, subjects in the experimental group performed better in the Mini-Mental State Examination scores and had decrements in markers of inflammation state and insulin resistance. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96599 |
environment Lactobacillus fermentum increases_activity of environment Probiotics |
| Comment | It was demonstrated that probiotic consumption by AD patients was associated with benefits to cognitive function and metabolic state. In this study, the intervention group received 200 ml/day of probiotic milk containing three strains of Lactobacilli (Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. casei, and L. fermentum) and Bifidobacterium bifidum for twelve weeks; as compared to controls, subjects in the experimental group performed better in the Mini-Mental State Examination scores and had decrements in markers of inflammation state and insulin resistance. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96600 |
environment Bifidobacterium bifidum increases_activity of environment Probiotics |
| Comment | It was demonstrated that probiotic consumption by AD patients was associated with benefits to cognitive function and metabolic state. In this study, the intervention group received 200 ml/day of probiotic milk containing three strains of Lactobacilli (Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. casei, and L. fermentum) and Bifidobacterium bifidum for twelve weeks; as compared to controls, subjects in the experimental group performed better in the Mini-Mental State Examination scores and had decrements in markers of inflammation state and insulin resistance. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96601 |
environment Probiotics decreases_activity of process |
| Comment | It was demonstrated that probiotic consumption by AD patients was associated with benefits to cognitive function and metabolic state. In this study, the intervention group received 200 ml/day of probiotic milk containing three strains of Lactobacilli (Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. casei, and L. fermentum) and Bifidobacterium bifidum for twelve weeks; as compared to controls, subjects in the experimental group performed better in the Mini-Mental State Examination scores and had decrements in markers of inflammation state and insulin resistance. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96602 |
environment Probiotics decreases_activity of phenotype |
| Comment | Proinflammatory cytokines can be activated by gut microbiome through increased intestinal permeability, leading to the development of insulin resistance, which has also been associated with AD. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96603 |
environment gut microbiota increases_activity of phenotype increased intestinal permeability |
| Comment | Pro-inflammatory cytokines can be activated by gut microbiome through increased intestinal permeability, leading to the development of insulin resistance, which has also been associated with AD. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96604 |
phenotype increased intestinal permeability increases_activity of phenotype |
| Comment | Escherichia/Shigella amount correlated positively with the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in cognitively impaired patients. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96605 |
environment increased Shigella level cooccurs with phenotype increased proinflammatory cytokine level |
| Comment | Gut peptide hormones, such as ghrelin and leptin, are involved in the regulation of food intake and feeding behavior, being therefore implicated in energy homeostasis. Studies show that these factors also affect nervous functions, particularly learning and memory. Ghrelin is produced mainly by gastric oxyntic cells, devoid of contact with the gastrointestinal lumen, exerting therefore an endocrine role. Alternatively, this peptide is also produced by cells in the gastrointestinal tract with contact with the intestinal lumen, and therefore subject to the influence of the gut microbiota. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96606 |
gene/protein affects_activity of process regulation of food intake |
| Comment | Gut peptide hormones, such as ghrelin and leptin, are involved in the regulation of food intake and feeding behavior, being therefore implicated in energy homeostasis. Studies show that these factors also affect nervous functions, particularly learning and memory. Ghrelin is produced mainly by gastric oxyntic cells, devoid of contact with the gastrointestinal lumen, exerting therefore an endocrine role. Alternatively, this peptide is also produced by cells in the gastrointestinal tract with contact with the intestinal lumen, and therefore subject to the influence of the gut microbiota. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96607 |
gene/protein affects_activity of process |
| Comment | Gut peptide hormones, such as ghrelin and leptin, are involved in the regulation of food intake and feeding behavior, being therefore implicated in energy homeostasis. Studies show that these factors also affect nervous functions, particularly learning and memory. Ghrelin is produced mainly by gastric oxyntic cells, devoid of contact with the gastrointestinal lumen, exerting therefore an endocrine role. Alternatively, this peptide is also produced by cells in the gastrointestinal tract with contact with the intestinal lumen, and therefore subject to the influence of the gut microbiota. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96608 |
gene/protein affects_activity of process |
| Comment | Gut peptide hormones, such as ghrelin and leptin, are involved in the regulation of food intake and feeding behavior, being therefore implicated in energy homeostasis. Studies show that these factors also affect nervous functions, particularly learning and memory. Ghrelin is produced mainly by gastric oxyntic cells, devoid of contact with the gastrointestinal lumen, exerting therefore an endocrine role. Alternatively, this peptide is also produced by cells in the gastrointestinal tract with contact with the intestinal lumen, and therefore subject to the influence of the gut microbiota. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96609 |
|
| Comment | Gut peptide hormones, such as ghrelin and leptin, are involved in the regulation of food intake and feeding behavior, being therefore implicated in energy homeostasis. Studies show that these factors also affect nervous functions, particularly learning and memory. Ghrelin is produced mainly by gastric oxyntic cells, devoid of contact with the gastrointestinal lumen, exerting therefore an endocrine role. Alternatively, this peptide is also produced by cells in the gastrointestinal tract with contact with the intestinal lumen, and therefore subject to the influence of the gut microbiota. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96610 |
|
| Comment | Gut peptide hormones, such as ghrelin and leptin, are involved in the regulation of food intake and feeding behavior, being therefore implicated in energy homeostasis. Studies show that these factors also affect nervous functions, particularly learning and memory. Ghrelin is produced mainly by gastric oxyntic cells, devoid of contact with the gastrointestinal lumen, exerting therefore an endocrine role. Alternatively, this peptide is also produced by cells in the gastrointestinal tract with contact with the intestinal lumen, and therefore subject to the influence of the gut microbiota. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96611 |
gene/protein affects_activity of process regulation of food intake |
| Comment | Gut peptide hormones, such as ghrelin and leptin, are involved in the regulation of food intake and feeding behavior, being therefore implicated in energy homeostasis. Studies show that these factors also affect nervous functions, particularly learning and memory. Ghrelin is produced mainly by gastric oxyntic cells, devoid of contact with the gastrointestinal lumen, exerting therefore an endocrine role. Alternatively, this peptide is also produced by cells in the gastrointestinal tract with contact with the intestinal lumen, and therefore subject to the influence of the gut microbiota. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96612 |
gene/protein affects_activity of process |
| Comment | Gut peptide hormones, such as ghrelin and leptin, are involved in the regulation of food intake and feeding behavior, being therefore implicated in energy homeostasis. Studies show that these factors also affect nervous functions, particularly learning and memory. Ghrelin is produced mainly by gastric oxyntic cells, devoid of contact with the gastrointestinal lumen, exerting therefore an endocrine role. Alternatively, this peptide is also produced by cells in the gastrointestinal tract with contact with the intestinal lumen, and therefore subject to the influence of the gut microbiota. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96613 |
gene/protein affects_activity of process |
| Comment | Gut peptide hormones, such as ghrelin and leptin, are involved in the regulation of food intake and feeding behavior, being therefore implicated in energy homeostasis. Studies show that these factors also affect nervous functions, particularly learning and memory. Ghrelin is produced mainly by gastric oxyntic cells, devoid of contact with the gastrointestinal lumen, exerting therefore an endocrine role. Alternatively, this peptide is also produced by cells in the gastrointestinal tract with contact with the intestinal lumen, and therefore subject to the influence of the gut microbiota. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96614 |
|
| Comment | Gut peptide hormones, such as ghrelin and leptin, are involved in the regulation of food intake and feeding behavior, being therefore implicated in energy homeostasis. Studies show that these factors also affect nervous functions, particularly learning and memory. Ghrelin is produced mainly by gastric oxyntic cells, devoid of contact with the gastrointestinal lumen, exerting therefore an endocrine role. Alternatively, this peptide is also produced by cells in the gastrointestinal tract with contact with the intestinal lumen, and therefore subject to the influence of the gut microbiota. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96615 |
|
| Comment | Changes in the gut microbiota as a consequence of antibiotic treatment has been associated with changes in plasma ghrelin level. Similarly, the modification of gut microbiota with probiotics has been show to promote increased availability of leptin in the serum. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96616 |
environment Probiotics increases_quantity of gene/protein |
| Comment | Changes in the gut microbiota as a consequence of antibiotic treatment has been associated with changes in plasma ghrelin level. Similarly, the modification of gut microbiota with probiotics has been show to promote increased availability of leptin in the serum. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96617 |
environment Probiotics increases_activity of environment altered gut microbiota composition |
| Comment | Ghrelin is involved in glucose and lipid metabolisms, with effects on mitochondrial respiration; it may also exert neuroprotective effects, illustrating the interaction between metabolism and mechanisms of neurodegeneration. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96618 |
gene/protein affects_activity of process |
| Comment | Ghrelin and leptin increases the secretion of neurotrophic factors consequently modifying the toxicity of Abeta oligomers and phosphorylated tau levels in animal model. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96619 |
gene/protein increases_activity of process neurotrophic factor secretion |
| Comment | Animal models of AD treated with leptin showed a reduction in Abeta and phosphorylated tau levels. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96620 |
|
| Comment | In humans, plasma leptin concentration has been shown to be negatively correlated to Abeta levels, supposedly due to a direct inhibitory effect on gamma-secretase. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 96621 |
phenotype cooccurs with phenotype decreased Amyloid beta peptide level |
| Comment | The administration of two strains of Bifidobacteria (B. longum and B. breve) for eleven weeks to BALB/c mice facilitated cognitive processes such as learning, memory and recognition ability. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 97914 |
|
| Comment | BDNF is essential for the normal function and survival of neurons in mature peripheral and central nervous system. The availability of BNDF is also affected by the gut microbiota. In germ-free mice, the expression of BDNF was found to be decreased in the hippocampus, both at protein and mRNA levels, and this finding was significantly associated with impaired cognition in this animal model. |
|
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 136238 |
organism model GF mouse decreases_quantity of gene/protein |