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General Information:

Id:	9,077
Diseases:	Diabetes mellitus, type II - [OMIM] Insulin resistance
Organism:	Mammalia
Publication type:	review
Reference:	Burnstock G(2014) Purinergic signalling in endocrine organs Purinergic Signal. 10: 189-231 [PMID: 24265070]

Interaction Information:

Comment	The pituitary gland is the master endocrine gland lying beneath the hypothalamus. It has an anterior lobe that secretes: thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates growth of the thyroid gland and releases its hormone; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which regulates the endocrine activities of the adrenal cortex which produces cortisol; follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), which promotes secretion of oestrogen and the development of eggs and sperm cells; gonadotrophins; growth hormone; prolactin; luteinising hormone (LH) that releases oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone; lipotropin and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). The posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) secretes vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT), which are synthesised in the hypothalamus and transported to the pituitary, where they are stored before release. The anterior pituitary hormones do not act on endocrine glands, but directly affect specific tissues; prolactin causes breast development and milk production and MSH stimulates pigment cells. There are five cell types in the anterior pituitary, namely lactotrophs, somatotrophs, corticotrophs, gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs, as well as pituitary stem cells.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 94989	tissue/cell line adenohypophysis increases_quantity of complex/PPI Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Comment	The pituitary gland is the master endocrine gland lying beneath the hypothalamus. It has an anterior lobe that secretes: thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates growth of the thyroid gland and releases its hormone; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which regulates the endocrine activities of the adrenal cortex which produces cortisol; follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), which promotes secretion of oestrogen and the development of eggs and sperm cells; gonadotrophins; growth hormone; prolactin; luteinising hormone (LH) that releases oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone; lipotropin and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). The posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) secretes vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT), which are synthesised in the hypothalamus and transported to the pituitary, where they are stored before release. The anterior pituitary hormones do not act on endocrine glands, but directly affect specific tissues; prolactin causes breast development and milk production and MSH stimulates pigment cells. There are five cell types in the anterior pituitary, namely lactotrophs, somatotrophs, corticotrophs, gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs, as well as pituitary stem cells.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95476	tissue/cell line adenohypophysis increases_activity of process thyroid-stimulating hormone secretion

Comment	The pituitary gland is the master endocrine gland lying beneath the hypothalamus. It has an anterior lobe that secretes: thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates growth of the thyroid gland and releases its hormone; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which regulates the endocrine activities of the adrenal cortex which produces cortisol; follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), which promotes secretion of oestrogen and the development of eggs and sperm cells; gonadotrophins; growth hormone; prolactin; luteinising hormone (LH) that releases oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone; lipotropin and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). The posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) secretes vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT), which are synthesised in the hypothalamus and transported to the pituitary, where they are stored before release. The anterior pituitary hormones do not act on endocrine glands, but directly affect specific tissues; prolactin causes breast development and milk production and MSH stimulates pigment cells. There are five cell types in the anterior pituitary, namely lactotrophs, somatotrophs, corticotrophs, gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs, as well as pituitary stem cells.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95477	tissue/cell line adenohypophysis increases_quantity of gene/protein ACTH

Comment	The pituitary gland is the master endocrine gland lying beneath the hypothalamus. It has an anterior lobe that secretes: thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates growth of the thyroid gland and releases its hormone; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which regulates the endocrine activities of the adrenal cortex which produces cortisol; follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), which promotes secretion of oestrogen and the development of eggs and sperm cells; gonadotrophins; growth hormone; prolactin; luteinising hormone (LH) that releases oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone; lipotropin and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). The posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) secretes vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT), which are synthesised in the hypothalamus and transported to the pituitary, where they are stored before release. The anterior pituitary hormones do not act on endocrine glands, but directly affect specific tissues; prolactin causes breast development and milk production and MSH stimulates pigment cells. There are five cell types in the anterior pituitary, namely lactotrophs, somatotrophs, corticotrophs, gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs, as well as pituitary stem cells.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95480	tissue/cell line adenohypophysis increases_activity of process corticotropin secretion

Comment	The pituitary gland is the master endocrine gland lying beneath the hypothalamus. It has an anterior lobe that secretes: thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates growth of the thyroid gland and releases its hormone; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which regulates the endocrine activities of the adrenal cortex which produces cortisol; follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), which promotes secretion of oestrogen and the development of eggs and sperm cells; gonadotrophins; growth hormone; prolactin; luteinising hormone (LH) that releases oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone; lipotropin and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). The posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) secretes vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT), which are synthesised in the hypothalamus and transported to the pituitary, where they are stored before release. The anterior pituitary hormones do not act on endocrine glands, but directly affect specific tissues; prolactin causes breast development and milk production and MSH stimulates pigment cells. There are five cell types in the anterior pituitary, namely lactotrophs, somatotrophs, corticotrophs, gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs, as well as pituitary stem cells.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95481	tissue/cell line adenohypophysis increases_quantity of complex/PPI Follicle-stimulating hormone

Comment	The pituitary gland is the master endocrine gland lying beneath the hypothalamus. It has an anterior lobe that secretes: thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates growth of the thyroid gland and releases its hormone; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which regulates the endocrine activities of the adrenal cortex which produces cortisol; follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), which promotes secretion of oestrogen and the development of eggs and sperm cells; gonadotrophins; growth hormone; prolactin; luteinising hormone (LH) that releases oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone; lipotropin and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). The posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) secretes vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT), which are synthesised in the hypothalamus and transported to the pituitary, where they are stored before release. The anterior pituitary hormones do not act on endocrine glands, but directly affect specific tissues; prolactin causes breast development and milk production and MSH stimulates pigment cells. There are five cell types in the anterior pituitary, namely lactotrophs, somatotrophs, corticotrophs, gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs, as well as pituitary stem cells.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95483	tissue/cell line adenohypophysis increases_activity of process follicle-stimulating hormone secretion

Comment	The pituitary gland is the master endocrine gland lying beneath the hypothalamus. It has an anterior lobe that secretes: thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates growth of the thyroid gland and releases its hormone; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which regulates the endocrine activities of the adrenal cortex which produces cortisol; follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), which promotes secretion of oestrogen and the development of eggs and sperm cells; gonadotrophins; growth hormone; prolactin; luteinising hormone (LH) that releases oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone; lipotropin and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). The posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) secretes vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT), which are synthesised in the hypothalamus and transported to the pituitary, where they are stored before release. The anterior pituitary hormones do not act on endocrine glands, but directly affect specific tissues; prolactin causes breast development and milk production and MSH stimulates pigment cells. There are five cell types in the anterior pituitary, namely lactotrophs, somatotrophs, corticotrophs, gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs, as well as pituitary stem cells.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95484	tissue/cell line adenohypophysis increases_quantity of complex/PPI Gonadotropin

Comment	The pituitary gland is the master endocrine gland lying beneath the hypothalamus. It has an anterior lobe that secretes: thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates growth of the thyroid gland and releases its hormone; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which regulates the endocrine activities of the adrenal cortex which produces cortisol; follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), which promotes secretion of oestrogen and the development of eggs and sperm cells; gonadotrophins; growth hormone; prolactin; luteinising hormone (LH) that releases oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone; lipotropin and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). The posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) secretes vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT), which are synthesised in the hypothalamus and transported to the pituitary, where they are stored before release. The anterior pituitary hormones do not act on endocrine glands, but directly affect specific tissues; prolactin causes breast development and milk production and MSH stimulates pigment cells. There are five cell types in the anterior pituitary, namely lactotrophs, somatotrophs, corticotrophs, gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs, as well as pituitary stem cells.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95486	tissue/cell line adenohypophysis increases_activity of process gonadotropin secretion

Comment	The pituitary gland is the master endocrine gland lying beneath the hypothalamus. It has an anterior lobe that secretes: thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates growth of the thyroid gland and releases its hormone; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which regulates the endocrine activities of the adrenal cortex which produces cortisol; follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), which promotes secretion of oestrogen and the development of eggs and sperm cells; gonadotrophins; growth hormone; prolactin; luteinising hormone (LH) that releases oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone; lipotropin and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). The posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) secretes vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT), which are synthesised in the hypothalamus and transported to the pituitary, where they are stored before release. The anterior pituitary hormones do not act on endocrine glands, but directly affect specific tissues; prolactin causes breast development and milk production and MSH stimulates pigment cells. There are five cell types in the anterior pituitary, namely lactotrophs, somatotrophs, corticotrophs, gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs, as well as pituitary stem cells.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95487	tissue/cell line adenohypophysis increases_quantity of complex/PPI Growth hormone

Comment	The pituitary gland is the master endocrine gland lying beneath the hypothalamus. It has an anterior lobe that secretes: thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates growth of the thyroid gland and releases its hormone; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which regulates the endocrine activities of the adrenal cortex which produces cortisol; follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), which promotes secretion of oestrogen and the development of eggs and sperm cells; gonadotrophins; growth hormone; prolactin; luteinising hormone (LH) that releases oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone; lipotropin and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). The posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) secretes vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT), which are synthesised in the hypothalamus and transported to the pituitary, where they are stored before release. The anterior pituitary hormones do not act on endocrine glands, but directly affect specific tissues; prolactin causes breast development and milk production and MSH stimulates pigment cells. There are five cell types in the anterior pituitary, namely lactotrophs, somatotrophs, corticotrophs, gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs, as well as pituitary stem cells.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95488	tissue/cell line adenohypophysis increases_activity of process growth hormone secretion

Comment	The pituitary gland is the master endocrine gland lying beneath the hypothalamus. It has an anterior lobe that secretes: thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates growth of the thyroid gland and releases its hormone; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which regulates the endocrine activities of the adrenal cortex which produces cortisol; follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), which promotes secretion of oestrogen and the development of eggs and sperm cells; gonadotrophins; growth hormone; prolactin; luteinising hormone (LH) that releases oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone; lipotropin and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). The posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) secretes vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT), which are synthesised in the hypothalamus and transported to the pituitary, where they are stored before release. The anterior pituitary hormones do not act on endocrine glands, but directly affect specific tissues; prolactin causes breast development and milk production and MSH stimulates pigment cells. There are five cell types in the anterior pituitary, namely lactotrophs, somatotrophs, corticotrophs, gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs, as well as pituitary stem cells.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95489	tissue/cell line adenohypophysis increases_quantity of gene/protein PRL

Comment	The pituitary gland is the master endocrine gland lying beneath the hypothalamus. It has an anterior lobe that secretes: thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates growth of the thyroid gland and releases its hormone; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which regulates the endocrine activities of the adrenal cortex which produces cortisol; follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), which promotes secretion of oestrogen and the development of eggs and sperm cells; gonadotrophins; growth hormone; prolactin; luteinising hormone (LH) that releases oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone; lipotropin and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). The posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) secretes vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT), which are synthesised in the hypothalamus and transported to the pituitary, where they are stored before release. The anterior pituitary hormones do not act on endocrine glands, but directly affect specific tissues; prolactin causes breast development and milk production and MSH stimulates pigment cells. There are five cell types in the anterior pituitary, namely lactotrophs, somatotrophs, corticotrophs, gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs, as well as pituitary stem cells.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95490	tissue/cell line adenohypophysis increases_activity of process prolactin secretion

Comment	The pituitary gland is the master endocrine gland lying beneath the hypothalamus. It has an anterior lobe that secretes: thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates growth of the thyroid gland and releases its hormone; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which regulates the endocrine activities of the adrenal cortex which produces cortisol; follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), which promotes secretion of oestrogen and the development of eggs and sperm cells; gonadotrophins; growth hormone; prolactin; luteinising hormone (LH) that releases oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone; lipotropin and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). The posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) secretes vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT), which are synthesised in the hypothalamus and transported to the pituitary, where they are stored before release. The anterior pituitary hormones do not act on endocrine glands, but directly affect specific tissues; prolactin causes breast development and milk production and MSH stimulates pigment cells. There are five cell types in the anterior pituitary, namely lactotrophs, somatotrophs, corticotrophs, gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs, as well as pituitary stem cells.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95491	tissue/cell line adenohypophysis increases_quantity of complex/PPI Luteinizing hormone

Comment	The pituitary gland is the master endocrine gland lying beneath the hypothalamus. It has an anterior lobe that secretes: thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates growth of the thyroid gland and releases its hormone; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which regulates the endocrine activities of the adrenal cortex which produces cortisol; follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), which promotes secretion of oestrogen and the development of eggs and sperm cells; gonadotrophins; growth hormone; prolactin; luteinising hormone (LH) that releases oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone; lipotropin and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). The posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) secretes vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT), which are synthesised in the hypothalamus and transported to the pituitary, where they are stored before release. The anterior pituitary hormones do not act on endocrine glands, but directly affect specific tissues; prolactin causes breast development and milk production and MSH stimulates pigment cells. There are five cell types in the anterior pituitary, namely lactotrophs, somatotrophs, corticotrophs, gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs, as well as pituitary stem cells.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95492	tissue/cell line adenohypophysis increases_activity of process luteinizing hormone secretion

Comment	The pituitary gland is the master endocrine gland lying beneath the hypothalamus. It has an anterior lobe that secretes: thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates growth of the thyroid gland and releases its hormone; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which regulates the endocrine activities of the adrenal cortex which produces cortisol; follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), which promotes secretion of oestrogen and the development of eggs and sperm cells; gonadotrophins; growth hormone; prolactin; luteinising hormone (LH) that releases oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone; lipotropin and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). The posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) secretes vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT), which are synthesised in the hypothalamus and transported to the pituitary, where they are stored before release. The anterior pituitary hormones do not act on endocrine glands, but directly affect specific tissues; prolactin causes breast development and milk production and MSH stimulates pigment cells. There are five cell types in the anterior pituitary, namely lactotrophs, somatotrophs, corticotrophs, gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs, as well as pituitary stem cells.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95493	tissue/cell line adenohypophysis increases_quantity of gene/protein Lipotropin

Comment	The pituitary gland is the master endocrine gland lying beneath the hypothalamus. It has an anterior lobe that secretes: thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates growth of the thyroid gland and releases its hormone; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which regulates the endocrine activities of the adrenal cortex which produces cortisol; follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), which promotes secretion of oestrogen and the development of eggs and sperm cells; gonadotrophins; growth hormone; prolactin; luteinising hormone (LH) that releases oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone; lipotropin and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). The posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) secretes vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT), which are synthesised in the hypothalamus and transported to the pituitary, where they are stored before release. The anterior pituitary hormones do not act on endocrine glands, but directly affect specific tissues; prolactin causes breast development and milk production and MSH stimulates pigment cells. There are five cell types in the anterior pituitary, namely lactotrophs, somatotrophs, corticotrophs, gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs, as well as pituitary stem cells.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95494	tissue/cell line adenohypophysis increases_quantity of gene/protein Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Comment	The pituitary gland is the master endocrine gland lying beneath the hypothalamus. It has an anterior lobe that secretes: thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates growth of the thyroid gland and releases its hormone; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which regulates the endocrine activities of the adrenal cortex which produces cortisol; follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), which promotes secretion of oestrogen and the development of eggs and sperm cells; gonadotrophins; growth hormone; prolactin; luteinising hormone (LH) that releases oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone; lipotropin and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). The posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) secretes vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT), which are synthesised in the hypothalamus and transported to the pituitary, where they are stored before release. The anterior pituitary hormones do not act on endocrine glands, but directly affect specific tissues; prolactin causes breast development and milk production and MSH stimulates pigment cells. There are five cell types in the anterior pituitary, namely lactotrophs, somatotrophs, corticotrophs, gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs, as well as pituitary stem cells.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95495	tissue/cell line neurohypophysis increases_quantity of gene/protein Arg-vasopressin

Comment	The pituitary gland is the master endocrine gland lying beneath the hypothalamus. It has an anterior lobe that secretes: thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates growth of the thyroid gland and releases its hormone; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which regulates the endocrine activities of the adrenal cortex which produces cortisol; follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), which promotes secretion of oestrogen and the development of eggs and sperm cells; gonadotrophins; growth hormone; prolactin; luteinising hormone (LH) that releases oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone; lipotropin and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). The posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) secretes vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT), which are synthesised in the hypothalamus and transported to the pituitary, where they are stored before release. The anterior pituitary hormones do not act on endocrine glands, but directly affect specific tissues; prolactin causes breast development and milk production and MSH stimulates pigment cells. There are five cell types in the anterior pituitary, namely lactotrophs, somatotrophs, corticotrophs, gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs, as well as pituitary stem cells.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95498	tissue/cell line neurohypophysis increases_activity of process vasopressin secretion

Comment	The pituitary gland is the master endocrine gland lying beneath the hypothalamus. It has an anterior lobe that secretes: thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates growth of the thyroid gland and releases its hormone; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which regulates the endocrine activities of the adrenal cortex which produces cortisol; follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), which promotes secretion of oestrogen and the development of eggs and sperm cells; gonadotrophins; growth hormone; prolactin; luteinising hormone (LH) that releases oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone; lipotropin and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). The posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) secretes vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT), which are synthesised in the hypothalamus and transported to the pituitary, where they are stored before release. The anterior pituitary hormones do not act on endocrine glands, but directly affect specific tissues; prolactin causes breast development and milk production and MSH stimulates pigment cells. There are five cell types in the anterior pituitary, namely lactotrophs, somatotrophs, corticotrophs, gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs, as well as pituitary stem cells.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95499	tissue/cell line neurohypophysis increases_quantity of gene/protein Oxytocin
Drugbank entries	Show/Hide entries for
Drugbank DB00107	Oxytocin binder OXT
Drugbank DB00107	Oxytocin agonist OXTR

Comment	The pituitary gland is the master endocrine gland lying beneath the hypothalamus. It has an anterior lobe that secretes: thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates growth of the thyroid gland and releases its hormone; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which regulates the endocrine activities of the adrenal cortex which produces cortisol; follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), which promotes secretion of oestrogen and the development of eggs and sperm cells; gonadotrophins; growth hormone; prolactin; luteinising hormone (LH) that releases oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone; lipotropin and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). The posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) secretes vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT), which are synthesised in the hypothalamus and transported to the pituitary, where they are stored before release. The anterior pituitary hormones do not act on endocrine glands, but directly affect specific tissues; prolactin causes breast development and milk production and MSH stimulates pigment cells. There are five cell types in the anterior pituitary, namely lactotrophs, somatotrophs, corticotrophs, gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs, as well as pituitary stem cells.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95500	tissue/cell line neurohypophysis increases_activity of process oxytocin secretion

Comment	Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) was reported early to induce release of vasopressin (VP) from neurohypophysial neurosecretory granules.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95501	drug/chemical compound ATP increases_activity of process vasopressin secretion

Comment	Intraperitoneal injection of caffeine was shown to cause a rise in plasma corticosterone and stimulated ACTH release, suggesting that events in the pituitary-adrenal axis were modulated (at least in part) by an effect on adenosine receptors.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95502	drug/chemical compound Caffeine increases_activity of process corticotropin secretion
Drugbank entries	Show/Hide entries for Caffeine
Drugbank DB00201	Caffeine antagonist ADORA1
Drugbank DB00201	Caffeine multitarget PDE4B
Drugbank DB00201	Caffeine inhibitor ADORA2A
Drugbank DB00201	Caffeine antagonist RYR1

Comment	Adenosine was shown to regulate the release of ACTH from cultured anterior pituitary cells.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95503	drug/chemical compound Adenosine affects_activity of process corticotropin secretion
Drugbank entries	Show/Hide entries for Adenosine
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA3
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA1
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA2A
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA2B

Comment	ATP is released from pituitary cells and then broken down by ecto-NTPDase1-3.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95504	gene/protein ENTPD1 decreases_quantity of drug/chemical compound ATP in pituitary

Comment	ATP is released from pituitary cells and then broken down by ecto-NTPDase1-3.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95505	gene/protein ENTPD2 decreases_quantity of drug/chemical compound ATP in pituitary

Comment	ATP is released from pituitary cells and then broken down by ecto-NTPDase1-3.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95506	gene/protein ENTPD3 decreases_quantity of drug/chemical compound ATP in pituitary

Comment	Pannexins mediate ATP release in the pituitary gland; pannexin 1 was dominantly expressed in the anterior lobe, while pannexin 2 expression was dominant in the intermediate and posterior pituitary. Pannexin 1 isoforms have been shown to be present in rat pituitary cells and appear to be associated with P2X2, P2X3 and P2X4, as well as P2X7 receptor channels and ATP release.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95507	gene/protein PANX1 is_expressed_in tissue/cell line adenohypophysis
Drugbank entries	Show/Hide entries for PANX1
Drugbank DB01032	Probenecid antagonist PANX1

Comment	Pannexins mediate ATP release in the pituitary gland; pannexin 1 was dominantly expressed in the anterior lobe, while pannexin 2 expression was dominant in the intermediate and posterior pituitary. Pannexin 1 isoforms have been shown to be present in rat pituitary cells and appear to be associated with P2X2, P2X3 and P2X4, as well as P2X7 receptor channels and ATP release.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95508	gene/protein PANX2 is_expressed_in tissue/cell line neurohypophysis

Comment	Pannexins mediate ATP release in the pituitary gland; pannexin 1 was dominantly expressed in the anterior lobe, while pannexin 2 expression was dominant in the intermediate and posterior pituitary. Pannexin 1 isoforms have been shown to be present in rat pituitary cells and appear to be associated with P2X2, P2X3 and P2X4, as well as P2X7 receptor channels and ATP release.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95510	gene/protein PANX1 increases_activity of process ATP export
Drugbank entries	Show/Hide entries for PANX1
Drugbank DB01032	Probenecid antagonist PANX1

Comment	Pannexins mediate ATP release in the pituitary gland; pannexin 1 was dominantly expressed in the anterior lobe, while pannexin 2 expression was dominant in the intermediate and posterior pituitary. Pannexin 1 isoforms have been shown to be present in rat pituitary cells and appear to be associated with P2X2, P2X3 and P2X4, as well as P2X7 receptor channels and ATP release.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95512	gene/protein PANX2 increases_activity of process ATP export

Comment	In the cloned pituitary cell line GH3 and rat anterior pituitary cells, adenosine activity via A1 receptors inhibits prolactin release. A regulatory role for adenosine in modulating adenylate cyclase activity and reducing prolactin release from primary cultures of rat anterior pituitary cells in both basal and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-stimulated conditions has been suggested. Adenosine, acting through A1 receptors, however, was claimed to stimulate the release of prolactin from the anterior pituitary in vitro.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95513	gene/protein ADORA1 affects_activity of process prolactin secretion
Drugbank entries	Show/Hide entries for ADORA1
Drugbank DB00201	Caffeine antagonist ADORA1
Drugbank DB00277	Theophylline antagonist ADORA1
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA1
Drugbank DB00651	Dyphylline antagonist ADORA1
Drugbank DB00806	Pentoxifylline antagonist ADORA1
Drugbank DB00996	Gabapentin agonist ADORA1
Drugbank DB01223	Aminophylline antagonist ADORA1
Drugbank DB01303	Oxtriphylline antagonist ADORA1
Drugbank DB01412	Theobromine antagonist ADORA1
Drugbank DB04932	Defibrotide not specified ADORA1
Drugbank DB04932	Defibrotide not specified ADORA1

Comment	In the cloned pituitary cell line GH3 and rat anterior pituitary cells, adenosine activity via A1 receptors inhibits prolactin release. A regulatory role for adenosine in modulating adenylate cyclase activity and reducing prolactin release from primary cultures of rat anterior pituitary cells in both basal and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-stimulated conditions has been suggested. Adenosine, acting through A1 receptors, however, was claimed to stimulate the release of prolactin from the anterior pituitary in vitro.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95514	drug/chemical compound Adenosine affects_activity of process prolactin secretion
Drugbank entries	Show/Hide entries for Adenosine
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA3
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA1
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA2A
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA2B

Comment	Adenosine regulates thrombomodulin and endothelial protein C receptor expression in folliculo-stellate cells (FSC).
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95515	drug/chemical compound Adenosine affects_expression of gene/protein THBD in folliculo-stellate cells
Drugbank entries	Show/Hide entries for Adenosine or THBD
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA3
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA1
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA2A
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA2B
Drugbank DB00055	Drotrecogin alfa not specified THBD
Drugbank DB00055	Drotrecogin alfa not specified THBD

Comment	Adenosine regulates thrombomodulin and endothelial protein C receptor expression in folliculo-stellate cells (FSC).
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95516	drug/chemical compound Adenosine affects_expression of gene/protein PROCR in folliculo-stellate cells
Drugbank entries	Show/Hide entries for Adenosine or PROCR
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA3
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA1
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA2A
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA2B
Drugbank DB00055	Drotrecogin alfa not specified PROCR
Drugbank DB04327	Phosphatidylethanolamine not specified PROCR
Drugbank DB00055	Drotrecogin alfa not specified PROCR
Drugbank DB04327	Phosphatidylethanolamine not specified PROCR

Comment	Adenosine stimulated cells of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal cortical axis.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95517	drug/chemical compound Adenosine affects_activity of process HPA axis
Drugbank entries	Show/Hide entries for Adenosine
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA3
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA1
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA2A
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA2B

Comment	A2 receptors have been implicated in the stimulatory effects of adenosine on prolactin secretion.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95518	gene/protein ADORA2 affects_activity of process prolactin secretion

Comment	A2B receptors mediate adenosine inhibition of taurine efflux from pituicytes.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95519	gene/protein ADORA2B decreases_activity of process taurine export from pituicytes
Drugbank entries	Show/Hide entries for ADORA2B
Drugbank DB00277	Theophylline antagonist ADORA2B
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA2B
Drugbank DB00824	Enprofylline antagonist ADORA2B
Drugbank DB04932	Defibrotide not specified ADORA2B
Drugbank DB00824	Enprofylline antagonist ADORA2B
Drugbank DB04932	Defibrotide not specified ADORA2B

Comment	A1 receptors are expressed in rodent pituitary endocrine cell lines mediating hormone release, whereas A2B receptors appear to be predominant in primary anterior pituitary cell cultures consisting mainly of folliculo-stellate cells (FSC) mediating stimulation of IL-6 secretion.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95520	gene/protein ADORA2B affects_quantity of gene/protein IL6
Drugbank entries	Show/Hide entries for ADORA2B or IL6
Drugbank DB00277	Theophylline antagonist ADORA2B
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA2B
Drugbank DB00824	Enprofylline antagonist ADORA2B
Drugbank DB04932	Defibrotide not specified ADORA2B
Drugbank DB00824	Enprofylline antagonist ADORA2B
Drugbank DB04932	Defibrotide not specified ADORA2B
Drugbank DB01404	Ginseng antagonist IL6
Drugbank DB01404	Ginseng antagonist IL6

Comment	Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) is secreted by arcuate neurons into the hypothalamic portal vessels and stimulates growth hormone (GH) release by activating GHRH receptors on somatotrophs. Pulsatile release of GH involves P1 receptors expressed on somatotroph cells.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95521	gene/protein GHRH increases_activity of process growth hormone secretion

Comment	Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) is secreted by arcuate neurons into the hypothalamic portal vessels and stimulates growth hormone (GH) release by activating GHRH receptors on somatotrophs. Pulsatile release of GH involves P1 receptors expressed on somatotroph cells.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95522	gene/protein GHRH increases_activity of gene/protein GHRHR
Drugbank entries	Show/Hide entries for GHRHR
Drugbank DB00010	Sermorelin agonist GHRHR
Drugbank DB00010	Sermorelin agonist GHRHR

Comment	Adenosine, acting via A1 receptors, specifically blocks the terminal N-type Ca2+ channel in isolated rat neurohypophysial terminals, leading to inhibition of the release of both vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT).
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95523	gene/protein ADORA1 decreases_activity of process vasopressin secretion
Drugbank entries	Show/Hide entries for ADORA1
Drugbank DB00201	Caffeine antagonist ADORA1
Drugbank DB00277	Theophylline antagonist ADORA1
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA1
Drugbank DB00651	Dyphylline antagonist ADORA1
Drugbank DB00806	Pentoxifylline antagonist ADORA1
Drugbank DB00996	Gabapentin agonist ADORA1
Drugbank DB01223	Aminophylline antagonist ADORA1
Drugbank DB01303	Oxtriphylline antagonist ADORA1
Drugbank DB01412	Theobromine antagonist ADORA1
Drugbank DB04932	Defibrotide not specified ADORA1
Drugbank DB04932	Defibrotide not specified ADORA1

Comment	Adenosine, acting via A1 receptors, specifically blocks the terminal N-type Ca2+ channel in isolated rat neurohypophysial terminals, leading to inhibition of the release of both vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT).
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95524	gene/protein ADORA1 decreases_activity of process oxytocin secretion
Drugbank entries	Show/Hide entries for ADORA1
Drugbank DB00201	Caffeine antagonist ADORA1
Drugbank DB00277	Theophylline antagonist ADORA1
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA1
Drugbank DB00651	Dyphylline antagonist ADORA1
Drugbank DB00806	Pentoxifylline antagonist ADORA1
Drugbank DB00996	Gabapentin agonist ADORA1
Drugbank DB01223	Aminophylline antagonist ADORA1
Drugbank DB01303	Oxtriphylline antagonist ADORA1
Drugbank DB01412	Theobromine antagonist ADORA1
Drugbank DB04932	Defibrotide not specified ADORA1
Drugbank DB04932	Defibrotide not specified ADORA1

Comment	Adenosine stimulates connexin 43 expression and gap-junctional communication in folliculo-stellate cells (FSC).
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95525	drug/chemical compound Adenosine increases_expression of gene/protein GJA1 in folliculo-stellate cells
Drugbank entries	Show/Hide entries for Adenosine or GJA1
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA3
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA1
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA2A
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA2B
Drugbank DB01136	Carvedilol other GJA1

Comment	Adenosine stimulates connexin 43 expression and gap-junctional communication in folliculo-stellate cells (FSC).
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95526	drug/chemical compound Adenosine increases_activity of cellular component gap junction in folliculo-stellate cells
Drugbank entries	Show/Hide entries for Adenosine
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA3
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA1
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA2A
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA2B

Comment	Adenosine is an important regulator of the functions of pituitary tumour GH4 cells, which secrete prolactin and growth hormone, by modulating, in an autocrine manner, the activity of L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95527	drug/chemical compound Adenosine affects_activity of complex/PPI Voltage-gated calcium channel, L-type
Drugbank entries	Show/Hide entries for Adenosine
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA3
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA1
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA2A
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA2B

Comment	ATP released from pituicytes and/or nerve terminals in the hypophysis, when broken down by ecto-nucleotidases to adenosine, acts on A1 receptors to modulate release of vasopressin (VP).
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95528	drug/chemical compound ATP affects_activity of process vasopressin secretion via adenosine and ADORA1

Comment	Secretion of insulin by ATP was reported in 1963 for rabbit pancreas slices confirmed later in primates. Experiments on ATP-induced insulin release were carried out on isolated perfused pancreas.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95529	drug/chemical compound ATP increases_activity of process insulin secretion if glucose level is high

Comment	ATP was next shown to stimulate glucagon and insulin secretion from isolated perfused rat pancreas in 1976, which was dependent on low and high glucose concentrations, respectively. The ATP released from secretary granules is broken down to ADP and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and ectoATPases are present. Adenosine, resulting from ATP breakdown, inhibited insulin secretion stimulated by glucose. Adenosine, ADP and 5'-AMP elicit release of glucagon in isolated perfused rat pancreas.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95530	drug/chemical compound ATP increases_activity of process glucagon secretion if glucose level is low

Comment	ATP was next shown to stimulate glucagon and insulin secretion from isolated perfused rat pancreas in 1976, which was dependent on low and high glucose concentrations, respectively. The ATP released from secretary granules is broken down to ADP and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and ectoATPases are present. Adenosine, resulting from ATP breakdown, inhibited insulin secretion stimulated by glucose. Adenosine, ADP and 5'-AMP elicit release of glucagon in isolated perfused rat pancreas.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95531	drug/chemical compound Adenosine decreases_activity of process insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus
Drugbank entries	Show/Hide entries for Adenosine
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA3
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA1
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA2A
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA2B

Comment	ATP was next shown to stimulate glucagon and insulin secretion from isolated perfused rat pancreas in 1976, which was dependent on low and high glucose concentrations, respectively. The ATP released from secretary granules is broken down to ADP and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and ectoATPases are present. Adenosine, resulting from ATP breakdown, inhibited insulin secretion stimulated by glucose. Adenosine, ADP and 5'-AMP elicit release of glucagon in isolated perfused rat pancreas.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95532	drug/chemical compound Adenosine increases_activity of process glucagon secretion if glucose level is low
Drugbank entries	Show/Hide entries for Adenosine
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA3
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA1
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA2A
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA2B

Comment	ATP was next shown to stimulate glucagon and insulin secretion from isolated perfused rat pancreas in 1976, which was dependent on low and high glucose concentrations, respectively. The ATP released from secretary granules is broken down to ADP and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and ectoATPases are present. Adenosine, resulting from ATP breakdown, inhibited insulin secretion stimulated by glucose. Adenosine, ADP and 5'-AMP elicit release of glucagon in isolated perfused rat pancreas.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95533	drug/chemical compound ADP increases_activity of process glucagon secretion if glucose level is low

Comment	ATP was next shown to stimulate glucagon and insulin secretion from isolated perfused rat pancreas in 1976, which was dependent on low and high glucose concentrations, respectively. The ATP released from secretary granules is broken down to ADP and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and ectoATPases are present. Adenosine, resulting from ATP breakdown, inhibited insulin secretion stimulated by glucose. Adenosine, ADP and 5'-AMP elicit release of glucagon in isolated perfused rat pancreas.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95534	drug/chemical compound AMP increases_activity of process glucagon secretion if glucose level is low

Comment	Sympathetic nerve stimulation inhibited insulin secretion, probably via alpha2A receptor mediated opening of ATP-dependent K+ channels.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95535	tissue/cell line sympathetic nervous system decreases_activity of process insulin secretion

Comment	Over-expression of the alpha2A adrenoceptor contributed to development of type 2 diabetes.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95536	gene/protein ADRA2A affects_activity of disease Diabetes mellitus, type II
Drugbank entries	Show/Hide entries for ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00217	Bethanidine agonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00246	Ziprasidone antagonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00248	Cabergoline antagonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00268	Ropinirole agonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00320	Dihydroergotamine agonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00321	Amitriptyline antagonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00334	Olanzapine antagonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00363	Clozapine antagonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00368	Norepinephrine agonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00370	Mirtazapine antagonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00397	Phenylpropanolamine agonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00413	Pramipexole partial agonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00449	Dipivefrin agonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00484	Brimonidine agonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00543	Amoxapine antagonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00575	Clonidine agonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00589	Lisuride other/unknown ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00629	Guanabenz agonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00633	Dexmedetomidine agonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00656	Trazodone antagonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00668	Epinephrine agonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00692	Phentolamine antagonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00696	Ergotamine partial agonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00697	Tizanidine agonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00714	Apomorphine agonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00734	Risperidone antagonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00751	Epinastine unknown ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00797	Tolazoline antagonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00800	Fenoldopam antagonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00852	Pseudoephedrine agonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00865	Benzphetamine agonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00925	Phenoxybenzamine antagonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00935	Oxymetazoline agonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00964	Apraclonidine agonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00968	Methyldopa not specified ADRA2A
Drugbank DB01018	Guanfacine agonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB01049	Ergoloid mesylate antagonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB01142	Doxepin antagonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB01149	Nefazodone antagonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB01186	Pergolide agonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB01200	Bromocriptine agonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB01224	Quetiapine antagonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB01238	Aripiprazole antagonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB01267	Paliperidone antagonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB01287	Dihydroergotoxine agonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB01363	Ephedra agonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB01392	Yohimbine antagonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB01403	Methotrimeprazine antagonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB01472	4-Methoxyamphetamine agonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB01577	Methamphetamine agonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB01608	Propericiazine antagonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB01624	Zuclopenthixol antagonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB04948	Lofexidine agonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB06148	Mianserin antagonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB06262	Droxidopa agonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB06694	Xylometazoline agonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB06711	Naphazoline agonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00217	Bethanidine agonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00370	Mirtazapine antagonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00397	Phenylpropanolamine agonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00484	Brimonidine agonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00575	Clonidine agonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00629	Guanabenz agonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00633	Dexmedetomidine agonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00692	Phentolamine antagonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00697	Tizanidine agonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00800	Fenoldopam antagonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00935	Oxymetazoline agonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00964	Apraclonidine agonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB00968	Methyldopa not specified ADRA2A
Drugbank DB01018	Guanfacine agonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB01392	Yohimbine antagonist ADRA2A
Drugbank DB04948	Lofexidine agonist ADRA2A

Comment	NTPDase-3 was shown to be expressed in pancreatic endocrine cells of several species, and ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) was expressed in rat, but not in human and mouse. It was also shown that NTPDase-3 modulated insulin secretion.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95537	gene/protein ENTPD3 affects_activity of process insulin secretion

Comment	P2X1 and P2X3 receptors are expressed by mouse pancreatic beta-cells.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95538	gene/protein P2RX1 is_expressed_in tissue/cell line pancreatic beta cell

Comment	P2X1 and P2X3 receptors are expressed by mouse pancreatic beta-cells.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95577	gene/protein P2RX3 is_expressed_in tissue/cell line pancreatic beta cell

Comment	The mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter is required for sustained increase in cytosolic ATP/ADP ratio and is essential for glucose-induced ATP increases in pancreatic beta-cells.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95578	complex/PPI Mitochondrial calcium uniporter complex increases_quantity of drug/chemical compound ATP in pancreatic beta cells; if induced by glucose

Comment	Insulin granules contain ATP (and ADP). These granules are secreted and were detected as quantal exocytotic release from rat beta-cells expressing P2X2 receptors acting as ATP biosensors; ATP concentrations up to 25 micromol/l close to plasma cell membranes have been detected. ATP was shown to be released by exocytosis, while insulin was retained in the granule, suggesting that basal release of ATP may have a role as an autocrine regulator. The vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT) is expressed in pancreatic beta-cells and VNUT-mediated ATP release is part of the mechanism that controls glucose-induced secretion. P2X receptors are critical in mediating the effect of ATP on insulin secretion when VNUT is overexpressed. Evidence has been presented to suggest that P2Y1 as well as P2X receptors play a role in the modulation of insulin secretion, proliferation and cell viability in mouse pancreatic beta-cells. ATP is also co-released with 5-hydroxythryptamine (5-HT), gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamate and zinc, which have further autocrine coregulatory functions on insulin secretion. Extracellular nucleotides inhibit insulin receptor signalling.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95582	drug/chemical compound ATP is localized in cellular component insulin secretory granule

Comment	Insulin granules contain ATP (and ADP). These granules are secreted and were detected as quantal exocytotic release from rat beta-cells expressing P2X2 receptors acting as ATP biosensors; ATP concentrations up to 25 micromol/l close to plasma cell membranes have been detected. ATP was shown to be released by exocytosis, while insulin was retained in the granule, suggesting that basal release of ATP may have a role as an autocrine regulator. The vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT) is expressed in pancreatic beta-cells and VNUT-mediated ATP release is part of the mechanism that controls glucose-induced secretion. P2X receptors are critical in mediating the effect of ATP on insulin secretion when VNUT is overexpressed. Evidence has been presented to suggest that P2Y1 as well as P2X receptors play a role in the modulation of insulin secretion, proliferation and cell viability in mouse pancreatic beta-cells. ATP is also co-released with 5-hydroxythryptamine (5-HT), gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamate and zinc, which have further autocrine coregulatory functions on insulin secretion. Extracellular nucleotides inhibit insulin receptor signalling.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95588	drug/chemical compound ADP is localized in cellular component insulin secretory granule

Comment	Insulin granules contain ATP (and ADP). These granules are secreted and were detected as quantal exocytotic release from rat beta-cells expressing P2X2 receptors acting as ATP biosensors; ATP concentrations up to 25 micromol/l close to plasma cell membranes have been detected. ATP was shown to be released by exocytosis, while insulin was retained in the granule, suggesting that basal release of ATP may have a role as an autocrine regulator. The vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT) is expressed in pancreatic beta-cells and VNUT-mediated ATP release is part of the mechanism that controls glucose-induced secretion. P2X receptors are critical in mediating the effect of ATP on insulin secretion when VNUT is overexpressed. Evidence has been presented to suggest that P2Y1 as well as P2X receptors play a role in the modulation of insulin secretion, proliferation and cell viability in mouse pancreatic beta-cells. ATP is also co-released with 5-hydroxythryptamine (5-HT), gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamate and zinc, which have further autocrine coregulatory functions on insulin secretion. Extracellular nucleotides inhibit insulin receptor signalling.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95590	gene/protein SLC17A9 is_expressed_in tissue/cell line pancreatic beta cell

Comment	Insulin granules contain ATP (and ADP). These granules are secreted and were detected as quantal exocytotic release from rat beta-cells expressing P2X2 receptors acting as ATP biosensors; ATP concentrations up to 25 micromol/l close to plasma cell membranes have been detected. ATP was shown to be released by exocytosis, while insulin was retained in the granule, suggesting that basal release of ATP may have a role as an autocrine regulator. The vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT) is expressed in pancreatic beta-cells and VNUT-mediated ATP release is part of the mechanism that controls glucose-induced secretion. P2X receptors are critical in mediating the effect of ATP on insulin secretion when VNUT is overexpressed. Evidence has been presented to suggest that P2Y1 as well as P2X receptors play a role in the modulation of insulin secretion, proliferation and cell viability in mouse pancreatic beta-cells. ATP is also co-released with 5-hydroxythryptamine (5-HT), gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamate and zinc, which have further autocrine coregulatory functions on insulin secretion. Extracellular nucleotides inhibit insulin receptor signalling.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95593	gene/protein SLC17A9 increases_activity of process ATP export

Comment	Insulin granules contain ATP (and ADP). These granules are secreted and were detected as quantal exocytotic release from rat beta-cells expressing P2X2 receptors acting as ATP biosensors; ATP concentrations up to 25 micromol/l close to plasma cell membranes have been detected. ATP was shown to be released by exocytosis, while insulin was retained in the granule, suggesting that basal release of ATP may have a role as an autocrine regulator. The vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT) is expressed in pancreatic beta-cells and VNUT-mediated ATP release is part of the mechanism that controls glucose-induced secretion. P2X receptors are critical in mediating the effect of ATP on insulin secretion when VNUT is overexpressed. Evidence has been presented to suggest that P2Y1 as well as P2X receptors play a role in the modulation of insulin secretion, proliferation and cell viability in mouse pancreatic beta-cells. ATP is also co-released with 5-hydroxythryptamine (5-HT), gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamate and zinc, which have further autocrine coregulatory functions on insulin secretion. Extracellular nucleotides inhibit insulin receptor signalling.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95595	gene/protein SLC17A9 increases_activity of process insulin secretion

Comment	Insulin granules contain ATP (and ADP). These granules are secreted and were detected as quantal exocytotic release from rat beta-cells expressing P2X2 receptors acting as ATP biosensors; ATP concentrations up to 25 micromol/l close to plasma cell membranes have been detected. ATP was shown to be released by exocytosis, while insulin was retained in the granule, suggesting that basal release of ATP may have a role as an autocrine regulator. The vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT) is expressed in pancreatic beta-cells and VNUT-mediated ATP release is part of the mechanism that controls glucose-induced secretion. P2X receptors are critical in mediating the effect of ATP on insulin secretion when VNUT is overexpressed. Evidence has been presented to suggest that P2Y1 as well as P2X receptors play a role in the modulation of insulin secretion, proliferation and cell viability in mouse pancreatic beta-cells. ATP is also co-released with 5-hydroxythryptamine (5-HT), gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamate and zinc, which have further autocrine coregulatory functions on insulin secretion. Extracellular nucleotides inhibit insulin receptor signalling.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95596	gene/protein P2RY1 affects_activity of process insulin secretion

Comment	Insulin granules contain ATP (and ADP). These granules are secreted and were detected as quantal exocytotic release from rat beta-cells expressing P2X2 receptors acting as ATP biosensors; ATP concentrations up to 25 micromol/l close to plasma cell membranes have been detected. ATP was shown to be released by exocytosis, while insulin was retained in the granule, suggesting that basal release of ATP may have a role as an autocrine regulator. The vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT) is expressed in pancreatic beta-cells and VNUT-mediated ATP release is part of the mechanism that controls glucose-induced secretion. P2X receptors are critical in mediating the effect of ATP on insulin secretion when VNUT is overexpressed. Evidence has been presented to suggest that P2Y1 as well as P2X receptors play a role in the modulation of insulin secretion, proliferation and cell viability in mouse pancreatic beta-cells. ATP is also co-released with 5-hydroxythryptamine (5-HT), gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamate and zinc, which have further autocrine coregulatory functions on insulin secretion. Extracellular nucleotides inhibit insulin receptor signalling.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95598	drug/chemical compound Serotonin affects_activity of process insulin secretion

Comment	Insulin granules contain ATP (and ADP). These granules are secreted and were detected as quantal exocytotic release from rat beta-cells expressing P2X2 receptors acting as ATP biosensors; ATP concentrations up to 25 micromol/l close to plasma cell membranes have been detected. ATP was shown to be released by exocytosis, while insulin was retained in the granule, suggesting that basal release of ATP may have a role as an autocrine regulator. The vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT) is expressed in pancreatic beta-cells and VNUT-mediated ATP release is part of the mechanism that controls glucose-induced secretion. P2X receptors are critical in mediating the effect of ATP on insulin secretion when VNUT is overexpressed. Evidence has been presented to suggest that P2Y1 as well as P2X receptors play a role in the modulation of insulin secretion, proliferation and cell viability in mouse pancreatic beta-cells. ATP is also co-released with 5-hydroxythryptamine (5-HT), gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamate and zinc, which have further autocrine coregulatory functions on insulin secretion. Extracellular nucleotides inhibit insulin receptor signalling.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95599	drug/chemical compound GABA affects_activity of process insulin secretion

Comment	Insulin granules contain ATP (and ADP). These granules are secreted and were detected as quantal exocytotic release from rat beta-cells expressing P2X2 receptors acting as ATP biosensors; ATP concentrations up to 25 micromol/l close to plasma cell membranes have been detected. ATP was shown to be released by exocytosis, while insulin was retained in the granule, suggesting that basal release of ATP may have a role as an autocrine regulator. The vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT) is expressed in pancreatic beta-cells and VNUT-mediated ATP release is part of the mechanism that controls glucose-induced secretion. P2X receptors are critical in mediating the effect of ATP on insulin secretion when VNUT is overexpressed. Evidence has been presented to suggest that P2Y1 as well as P2X receptors play a role in the modulation of insulin secretion, proliferation and cell viability in mouse pancreatic beta-cells. ATP is also co-released with 5-hydroxythryptamine (5-HT), gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamate and zinc, which have further autocrine coregulatory functions on insulin secretion. Extracellular nucleotides inhibit insulin receptor signalling.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95600	drug/chemical compound Glutamate affects_activity of process insulin secretion

Comment	Insulin granules contain ATP (and ADP). These granules are secreted and were detected as quantal exocytotic release from rat beta-cells expressing P2X2 receptors acting as ATP biosensors; ATP concentrations up to 25 micromol/l close to plasma cell membranes have been detected. ATP was shown to be released by exocytosis, while insulin was retained in the granule, suggesting that basal release of ATP may have a role as an autocrine regulator. The vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT) is expressed in pancreatic beta-cells and VNUT-mediated ATP release is part of the mechanism that controls glucose-induced secretion. P2X receptors are critical in mediating the effect of ATP on insulin secretion when VNUT is overexpressed. Evidence has been presented to suggest that P2Y1 as well as P2X receptors play a role in the modulation of insulin secretion, proliferation and cell viability in mouse pancreatic beta-cells. ATP is also co-released with 5-hydroxythryptamine (5-HT), gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamate and zinc, which have further autocrine coregulatory functions on insulin secretion. Extracellular nucleotides inhibit insulin receptor signalling.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95601	drug/chemical compound Zn2+ affects_activity of process insulin secretion

Comment	In pancreatic beta cells the facilitative GLUT-2 transporter mediates glucose entry. Glucose metabolism results in production of ATP, which closes the ATP-sensitive channel, K-ATP. The channel comprises of four Kir6.2 and SUR1 subunits. Closure of K-ATP depolarises the cell membrane potential and thus opens voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channels eventually leading to generation of Ca2+ action potentials. Exocytosis of secretory vesicles containing insulin (and ATP) is triggered by increases in the cellular Ca2+.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95606	gene/protein SLC2A2 increases_transport of drug/chemical compound Glucose into pancreatic beta cells
Drugbank entries	Show/Hide entries for SLC2A2
Drugbank DB00428	Streptozocin ligand SLC2A2

Comment	In pancreatic beta cells the facilitative GLUT-2 transporter mediates glucose entry. Glucose metabolism results in production of ATP, which closes the ATP-sensitive channel, K-ATP. The channel comprises of four Kir6.2 and SUR1 subunits. Closure of K-ATP depolarises the cell membrane potential and thus opens voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channels eventually leading to generation of Ca2+ action potentials. Exocytosis of secretory vesicles containing insulin (and ATP) is triggered by increases in the cellular Ca2+.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95609	drug/chemical compound Glucose increases_quantity of drug/chemical compound ATP in pancreatic beta cells; via glucose metabolism

Comment	In pancreatic beta cells the facilitative GLUT-2 transporter mediates glucose entry. Glucose metabolism results in production of ATP, which closes the ATP-sensitive channel, K-ATP. The channel comprises of four Kir6.2 and SUR1 subunits. Closure of K-ATP depolarises the cell membrane potential and thus opens voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channels eventually leading to generation of Ca2+ action potentials. Exocytosis of secretory vesicles containing insulin (and ATP) is triggered by increases in the cellular Ca2+.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95610	drug/chemical compound ATP decreases_activity of complex/PPI ATP-sensitive potassium channel complex in pancreatic beta cells

Comment	In pancreatic beta cells the facilitative GLUT-2 transporter mediates glucose entry. Glucose metabolism results in production of ATP, which closes the ATP-sensitive channel, K-ATP. The channel comprises of four Kir6.2 and SUR1 subunits. Closure of K-ATP depolarises the cell membrane potential and thus opens voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channels eventually leading to generation of Ca2+ action potentials. Exocytosis of secretory vesicles containing insulin (and ATP) is triggered by increases in the cellular Ca2+.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95611	drug/chemical compound ATP increases_activity of complex/PPI Voltage-gated calcium channel, L-type in pancreatic beta cells

Comment	In pancreatic beta cells the facilitative GLUT-2 transporter mediates glucose entry. Glucose metabolism results in production of ATP, which closes the ATP-sensitive channel, K-ATP. The channel comprises of four Kir6.2 and SUR1 subunits. Closure of K-ATP depolarises the cell membrane potential and thus opens voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channels eventually leading to generation of Ca2+ action potentials. Exocytosis of secretory vesicles containing insulin (and ATP) is triggered by increases in the cellular Ca2+.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95612	complex/PPI Voltage-gated calcium channel, L-type increases_activity of phenotype increased intracellular calcium level in pancreatic beta cells

Comment	In pancreatic beta cells the facilitative GLUT-2 transporter mediates glucose entry. Glucose metabolism results in production of ATP, which closes the ATP-sensitive channel, K-ATP. The channel comprises of four Kir6.2 and SUR1 subunits. Closure of K-ATP depolarises the cell membrane potential and thus opens voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channels eventually leading to generation of Ca2+ action potentials. Exocytosis of secretory vesicles containing insulin (and ATP) is triggered by increases in the cellular Ca2+.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95614	phenotype increased intracellular calcium level increases_activity of process insulin granule exocytosis in pancreatic beta cells

Comment	P2 receptors can boost and amplify signals associated with the glucose effect on insulin secretion and on proliferation or apoptosis of beta-cells. P2X receptors facilitate Ca2+/Na+ influx and membrane depolarisation, and as a result, they can elicit insulin secretion even at low glucose concentrations. Some P2Y receptors increase cellular Ca2+ and activate protein kinase C (PKC) pathways. In addition, other P2Y and adenosine receptors affect the cyclic AMP pathway and possibly Epac signalling. At high adenosine concentrations, adenosine would be transported into the beta-cell and exert metabolic effects.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95615	drug/chemical compound ATP increases_activity of gene/protein P2RX3 in pancreatic beta cells

Comment	P2 receptors can boost and amplify signals associated with the glucose effect on insulin secretion and on proliferation or apoptosis of beta-cells. P2X receptors facilitate Ca2+/Na+ influx and membrane depolarisation, and as a result, they can elicit insulin secretion even at low glucose concentrations. Some P2Y receptors increase cellular Ca2+ and activate protein kinase C (PKC) pathways. In addition, other P2Y and adenosine receptors affect the cyclic AMP pathway and possibly Epac signalling. At high adenosine concentrations, adenosine would be transported into the beta-cell and exert metabolic effects.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95616	gene/protein P2RX3 increases_activity of process insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells

Comment	P2 receptors can boost and amplify signals associated with the glucose effect on insulin secretion and on proliferation or apoptosis of beta-cells. P2X receptors facilitate Ca2+/Na+ influx and membrane depolarisation, and as a result, they can elicit insulin secretion even at low glucose concentrations. Some P2Y receptors increase cellular Ca2+ and activate protein kinase C (PKC) pathways. In addition, other P2Y and adenosine receptors affect the cyclic AMP pathway and possibly Epac signalling. At high adenosine concentrations, adenosine would be transported into the beta-cell and exert metabolic effects.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95617	drug/chemical compound ATP increases_activity of gene/protein P2RY11 in pancreatic beta cells

Comment	P2 receptors can boost and amplify signals associated with the glucose effect on insulin secretion and on proliferation or apoptosis of beta-cells. P2X receptors facilitate Ca2+/Na+ influx and membrane depolarisation, and as a result, they can elicit insulin secretion even at low glucose concentrations. Some P2Y receptors increase cellular Ca2+ and activate protein kinase C (PKC) pathways. In addition, other P2Y and adenosine receptors affect the cyclic AMP pathway and possibly Epac signalling. At high adenosine concentrations, adenosine would be transported into the beta-cell and exert metabolic effects.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95618	gene/protein P2RY11 increases_activity of process insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells

Comment	ATP stimulated, while adenosine inhibited, protein kinase (PK) activity in bovine thyroid. Adenosine was shown to inhibit thyroidal T4 release, through receptor-mediated cAMP activated PK.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 95620	drug/chemical compound Adenosine decreases_activity of process thyroxine secretion in thyroid gland
Drugbank entries	Show/Hide entries for Adenosine
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA3
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA1
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA2A
Drugbank DB00640	Adenosine agonist ADORA2B