General Information:

Id: 6,856
Diseases: Diabetes mellitus, type II - [OMIM]
Insulin resistance
Mammalia
review
Reference: Curis E et al.(2005) Almost all about citrulline in mammals Amino Acids 29: 177-205 [PMID: 16082501]

Interaction Information:

Comment Two enzymes are mainly responsible for citrulline synthesis, corresponding to the two main metabolic pathways in which it is involved ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCT, EC 2.1.3.3) and NO-synthase (NOS, EC 1.14.13.39, including all its iso-enzymes).
Formal Description
Interaction-ID: 66715

gene/protein

OTC

increases_activity of

process

citrulline biosynthetic process

Drugbank entries Show/Hide entries for OTC
Comment Two enzymes are mainly responsible for citrulline synthesis, corresponding to the two main metabolic pathways in which it is involved ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCT, EC 2.1.3.3) and NO-synthase (NOS, EC 1.14.13.39, including all its iso-enzymes).
Formal Description
Interaction-ID: 66716

gene/protein

NOS1

increases_activity of

process

citrulline biosynthetic process

Drugbank entries Show/Hide entries for NOS1
Comment Two enzymes are mainly responsible for citrulline synthesis, corresponding to the two main metabolic pathways in which it is involved ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCT, EC 2.1.3.3) and NO-synthase (NOS, EC 1.14.13.39, including all its iso-enzymes).
Formal Description
Interaction-ID: 66717

gene/protein

NOS2

increases_activity of

process

citrulline biosynthetic process

Drugbank entries Show/Hide entries for NOS2
Comment Two enzymes are mainly responsible for citrulline synthesis, corresponding to the two main metabolic pathways in which it is involved ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCT, EC 2.1.3.3) and NO-synthase (NOS, EC 1.14.13.39, including all its iso-enzymes).
Formal Description
Interaction-ID: 66718

gene/protein

NOS3

increases_activity of

process

citrulline biosynthetic process

Drugbank entries Show/Hide entries for NOS3
Comment Only one enzyme, argininosuccinate synthase (ASS, EC 6.3.4.5, also known as citrulline-aspartate ligase), is capable of citrulline catabolism in mammals, and it is used in both metabolic pathways.
Formal Description
Interaction-ID: 66719

gene/protein

ASS1

increases_activity of

process

citrulline catabolic process

Drugbank entries Show/Hide entries for ASS1
Comment Ornithine Carbamoyl Transferase (OCT), or ornithine transcarbamylase, is found in all biological kingdoms since it is a key enzyme in arginine synthesis and degradation. OCT is one of the key enzymes in the urea cycle: it catalyses the conversion of ornithine into citrulline.
Formal Description
Interaction-ID: 66720

gene/protein

OTC

affects_activity of

process

arginine biosynthetic process

Drugbank entries Show/Hide entries for OTC
Comment Ornithine Carbamoyl Transferase (OCT), or ornithine transcarbamylase, is found in all biological kingdoms since it is a key enzyme in arginine synthesis and degradation. OCT is one of the key enzymes in the urea cycle: it catalyses the conversion of ornithine into citrulline.
Formal Description
Interaction-ID: 66721

gene/protein

OTC

affects_activity of

process

arginine catabolic process

in liver, in mitochondria
Drugbank entries Show/Hide entries for OTC
Comment Ornithine Carbamoyl Transferase (OCT), or ornithine transcarbamylase, is found in all biological kingdoms since it is a key enzyme in arginine synthesis and degradation. OCT is one of the key enzymes in the urea cycle: it catalyses the conversion of ornithine into citrulline.
Formal Description
Interaction-ID: 66722

gene/protein

OTC

affects_quantity of

drug/chemical compound

Arginine

in liver, in mitochondria
Drugbank entries Show/Hide entries for OTC
Comment Ornithine Carbamoyl Transferase (OCT), or ornithine transcarbamylase, is found in all biological kingdoms since it is a key enzyme in arginine synthesis and degradation. OCT is one of the key enzymes in the urea cycle: it catalyses the conversion of ornithine into citrulline.
Formal Description
Interaction-ID: 66723

gene/protein

OTC

increases_activity of

process

urea cycle

in liver, in mitochondria
Drugbank entries Show/Hide entries for OTC
Comment Ornithine Carbamoyl Transferase (OCT), or ornithine transcarbamylase, is found in all biological kingdoms since it is a key enzyme in arginine synthesis and degradation. OCT is one of the key enzymes in the urea cycle: it catalyses the conversion of ornithine into citrulline.
Formal Description
Interaction-ID: 66724

gene/protein

OTC

decreases_quantity of

drug/chemical compound

Ornithine

in liver, in mitochondria; in the urea cycle
Drugbank entries Show/Hide entries for OTC
Comment Ornithine Carbamoyl Transferase (OCT), or ornithine transcarbamylase, is found in all biological kingdoms since it is a key enzyme in arginine synthesis and degradation. OCT is one of the key enzymes in the urea cycle: it catalyses the conversion of ornithine into citrulline.
Formal Description
Interaction-ID: 66725

gene/protein

OTC

increases_quantity of

drug/chemical compound

Citrulline

in liver, in mitochondria; in the urea cycle
Drugbank entries Show/Hide entries for OTC
Comment The NO-synthase enzymes are responsible for the synthesis of NO and this reaction occurs in all tissues. There are three different NOS families that differ in their level of expression and their localization: nNOS is mainly present in neural cells, iNOS in macrophages and eNOS in endothelial cells. All these enzymes share a common mechanism for synthesizing NO from arginine with release of citrulline, and require NADP+, FMN and biopterin as cofactors.
Formal Description
Interaction-ID: 66726

gene/protein

NOS1

decreases_quantity of

drug/chemical compound

Arginine

Drugbank entries Show/Hide entries for NOS1
Comment The NO-synthase enzymes are responsible for the synthesis of NO and this reaction occurs in all tissues. There are three different NOS families that differ in their level of expression and their localization: nNOS is mainly present in neural cells, iNOS in macrophages and eNOS in endothelial cells. All these enzymes share a common mechanism for synthesizing NO from arginine with release of citrulline, and require NADP+, FMN and biopterin as cofactors.
Formal Description
Interaction-ID: 66727

gene/protein

NOS1

increases_quantity of

drug/chemical compound

Citrulline

Drugbank entries Show/Hide entries for NOS1
Comment The NO-synthase enzymes are responsible for the synthesis of NO and this reaction occurs in all tissues. There are three different NOS families that differ in their level of expression and their localization: nNOS is mainly present in neural cells, iNOS in macrophages and eNOS in endothelial cells. All these enzymes share a common mechanism for synthesizing NO from arginine with release of citrulline, and require NADP+, FMN and biopterin as cofactors.
Formal Description
Interaction-ID: 66728

gene/protein

NOS1

increases_quantity of

drug/chemical compound

NO

Drugbank entries Show/Hide entries for NOS1
Comment The NO-synthase enzymes are responsible for the synthesis of NO and this reaction occurs in all tissues. There are three different NOS families that differ in their level of expression and their localization: nNOS is mainly present in neural cells, iNOS in macrophages and eNOS in endothelial cells. All these enzymes share a common mechanism for synthesizing NO from arginine with release of citrulline, and require NADP+, FMN and biopterin as cofactors.
Formal Description
Interaction-ID: 66729

gene/protein

NOS2

decreases_quantity of

drug/chemical compound

Arginine

Drugbank entries Show/Hide entries for NOS2
Comment The NO-synthase enzymes are responsible for the synthesis of NO and this reaction occurs in all tissues. There are three different NOS families that differ in their level of expression and their localization: nNOS is mainly present in neural cells, iNOS in macrophages and eNOS in endothelial cells. All these enzymes share a common mechanism for synthesizing NO from arginine with release of citrulline, and require NADP+, FMN and biopterin as cofactors.
Formal Description
Interaction-ID: 66730

gene/protein

NOS2

increases_quantity of

drug/chemical compound

Citrulline

Drugbank entries Show/Hide entries for NOS2
Comment The NO-synthase enzymes are responsible for the synthesis of NO and this reaction occurs in all tissues. There are three different NOS families that differ in their level of expression and their localization: nNOS is mainly present in neural cells, iNOS in macrophages and eNOS in endothelial cells. All these enzymes share a common mechanism for synthesizing NO from arginine with release of citrulline, and require NADP+, FMN and biopterin as cofactors.
Formal Description
Interaction-ID: 66731

gene/protein

NOS2

increases_quantity of

drug/chemical compound

NO

Drugbank entries Show/Hide entries for NOS2
Comment The NO-synthase enzymes are responsible for the synthesis of NO and this reaction occurs in all tissues. There are three different NOS families that differ in their level of expression and their localization: nNOS is mainly present in neural cells, iNOS in macrophages and eNOS in endothelial cells. All these enzymes share a common mechanism for synthesizing NO from arginine with release of citrulline, and require NADP+, FMN and biopterin as cofactors.
Formal Description
Interaction-ID: 66732

gene/protein

NOS3

decreases_quantity of

drug/chemical compound

Arginine

Drugbank entries Show/Hide entries for NOS3
Comment The NO-synthase enzymes are responsible for the synthesis of NO and this reaction occurs in all tissues. There are three different NOS families that differ in their level of expression and their localization: nNOS is mainly present in neural cells, iNOS in macrophages and eNOS in endothelial cells. All these enzymes share a common mechanism for synthesizing NO from arginine with release of citrulline, and require NADP+, FMN and biopterin as cofactors.
Formal Description
Interaction-ID: 66733

gene/protein

NOS3

increases_quantity of

drug/chemical compound

Citrulline

Drugbank entries Show/Hide entries for NOS3
Comment The NO-synthase enzymes are responsible for the synthesis of NO and this reaction occurs in all tissues. There are three different NOS families that differ in their level of expression and their localization: nNOS is mainly present in neural cells, iNOS in macrophages and eNOS in endothelial cells. All these enzymes share a common mechanism for synthesizing NO from arginine with release of citrulline, and require NADP+, FMN and biopterin as cofactors.
Formal Description
Interaction-ID: 66734

gene/protein

NOS3

increases_quantity of

drug/chemical compound

NO

Drugbank entries Show/Hide entries for NOS3
Comment ASS is a cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the reaction from citrulline, aspartate and ATP to argininosuccinate, pyrophosphate and AMP.
Formal Description
Interaction-ID: 66735

gene/protein

ASS1

decreases_quantity of

drug/chemical compound

Citrulline

in cytoplasm
Drugbank entries Show/Hide entries for ASS1
Comment ASS is a cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the reaction from citrulline, aspartate and ATP to argininosuccinate, pyrophosphate and AMP.
Formal Description
Interaction-ID: 66736

gene/protein

ASS1

decreases_quantity of

drug/chemical compound

Aspartate

in cytoplasm
Drugbank entries Show/Hide entries for ASS1
Comment ASS is a cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the reaction from citrulline, aspartate and ATP to argininosuccinate, pyrophosphate and AMP.
Formal Description
Interaction-ID: 66737

gene/protein

ASS1

decreases_quantity of

drug/chemical compound

ATP

in cytoplasm
Drugbank entries Show/Hide entries for ASS1
Comment ASS is a cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the reaction from citrulline, aspartate and ATP to argininosuccinate, pyrophosphate and AMP.
Formal Description
Interaction-ID: 66738

gene/protein

ASS1

increases_quantity of

drug/chemical compound

Argininosuccinate

in cytoplasm
Drugbank entries Show/Hide entries for ASS1 or Argininosuccinate
Comment ASS is a cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the reaction from citrulline, aspartate and ATP to argininosuccinate, pyrophosphate and AMP.
Formal Description
Interaction-ID: 66739

gene/protein

ASS1

increases_quantity of

drug/chemical compound

Diphosphate

in cytoplasm
Drugbank entries Show/Hide entries for ASS1 or Diphosphate
Comment ASS is a cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the reaction from citrulline, aspartate and ATP to argininosuccinate, pyrophosphate and AMP.
Formal Description
Interaction-ID: 66740

gene/protein

ASS1

increases_quantity of

drug/chemical compound

AMP

in cytoplasm
Drugbank entries Show/Hide entries for ASS1
Comment Gene expression in the liver is modulated by hormones and nutritional status: glucocorticoids, glucagon and glutamine increase ASS levels, whereas insulin, growth hormone and oleic acid decrease them.
Formal Description
Interaction-ID: 66741

drug/chemical compound

Glucocorticoid

increases_expression of

gene/protein

ASS1

in liver
Drugbank entries Show/Hide entries for ASS1
Comment Gene expression in the liver is modulated by hormones and nutritional status: glucocorticoids, glucagon and glutamine increase ASS levels, whereas insulin, growth hormone and oleic acid decrease them.
Formal Description
Interaction-ID: 66742

gene/protein

Glucagon

increases_expression of

gene/protein

ASS1

in liver
Drugbank entries Show/Hide entries for ASS1
Comment Gene expression in the liver is modulated by hormones and nutritional status: glucocorticoids, glucagon and glutamine increase ASS levels, whereas insulin, growth hormone and oleic acid decrease them.
Formal Description
Interaction-ID: 66743

drug/chemical compound

Glutamine

increases_expression of

gene/protein

ASS1

in liver
Drugbank entries Show/Hide entries for ASS1
Comment Gene expression in the liver is modulated by hormones and nutritional status: glucocorticoids, glucagon and glutamine increase ASS levels, whereas insulin, growth hormone and oleic acid decrease them.
Formal Description
Interaction-ID: 66744

complex/PPI

Insulin

decreases_expression of

gene/protein

ASS1

in liver
Drugbank entries Show/Hide entries for ASS1
Comment Gene expression in the liver is modulated by hormones and nutritional status: glucocorticoids, glucagon and glutamine increase ASS levels, whereas insulin, growth hormone and oleic acid decrease them.
Formal Description
Interaction-ID: 66745

complex/PPI

Growth hormone

decreases_expression of

gene/protein

ASS1

in liver
Drugbank entries Show/Hide entries for ASS1
Comment Gene expression in the liver is modulated by hormones and nutritional status: glucocorticoids, glucagon and glutamine increase ASS levels, whereas insulin, growth hormone and oleic acid decrease them.
Formal Description
Interaction-ID: 66746

drug/chemical compound

Oleic acid

decreases_expression of

gene/protein

ASS1

in liver
Drugbank entries Show/Hide entries for Oleic acid or ASS1