CIDeRplusGeneral Information:
| Id: | 3,512 |
| Diseases: |
Diabetes mellitus, type II
- [OMIM]
Insulin resistance Obesity - [OMIM] |
| Homo sapiens | |
| article | |
| Reference: | Newgard CB et al.(2009) A branched-chain amino acid-related metabolic signature that differentiates obese and lean humans and contributes to insulin resistance Cell Metab. 9: 311-326 [PMID: 19356713] |
Interaction Information:
| Comment | Obese subjects had twice as much total fat mass as lean controls, but only a 17% increase in lean mass. The higher total fat mass in obese subjects was accompanied by a 2.3-fold increase in subcutaneous fat mass and a 3.1-fold increase in visceral fat mass. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32629 |
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| Comment | Respiratory exchange rate (RER), also known as respiratory quotient (RQ), was significantly higher in obese subjects. Thus, obese subjects appear to have a preference for oxidation of nonlipid fuels (glucose and amino acids) compared to lean controls (as indicated by the higher RQ), even though they have substantially larger total, subcutaneous, and visceral fat depots. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32635 |
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| Comment | Obese subjects were less insulin sensitive than the lean controls. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32636 |
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| Comment | Among a total of 19 hormones of energy balance and metabolic regulation measured in this study, only 5 were not significantly different in obese versus lean subjects: amylin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), resistin, pancreatic polypeptide, and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3). |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32639 |
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| Comment | Among a total of 19 hormones of energy balance and metabolic regulation measured in this study, only 5 were not significantly different in obese versus lean subjects: amylin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), resistin, pancreatic polypeptide, and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3). |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32642 |
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| Comment | Among a total of 19 hormones of energy balance and metabolic regulation measured in this study, only 5 were not significantly different in obese versus lean subjects: amylin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), resistin, pancreatic polypeptide, and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3). |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32644 |
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| Comment | Among a total of 19 hormones of energy balance and metabolic regulation measured in this study, only 5 were not significantly different in obese versus lean subjects: amylin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), resistin, pancreatic polypeptide, and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3). |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32645 |
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| Comment | Among a total of 19 hormones of energy balance and metabolic regulation measured in this study, only 5 were not significantly different in obese versus lean subjects: amylin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), resistin, pancreatic polypeptide, and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3). |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32646 |
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| Drugbank entries | Show/Hide entries for IGFBP3 |
| Comment | Pancreatic islet peptides other than amylin (insulin, C-peptide, and glucagon) were all significantly elevated in serum of obese versus lean subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32647 |
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| Comment | Pancreatic islet peptides other than amylin (insulin, C-peptide, and glucagon) were all significantly elevated in serum of obese versus lean subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32648 |
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| Comment | Pancreatic islet peptides other than amylin (insulin, C-peptide, and glucagon) were all significantly elevated in serum of obese versus lean subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32649 |
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| Comment | Levels of the incretin hormone gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) were higher, in accord with the higher insulin levels in obese versus lean subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32650 |
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| Comment | The adipocyte-derived hormones leptin and adiponectin were reciprocally altered by obesity, such that leptin levels were 3.8-fold higher in obese subjects, whereas adiponectin levels were 37% lower. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32653 |
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| Comment | The adipocyte-derived hormones leptin and adiponectin were reciprocally altered by obesity, such that leptin levels were 3.8-fold higher in obese subjects, whereas adiponectin levels were 37% lower. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32654 |
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| Comment | Among hormones that have been implicated in control of food intake, the gut-derived orexigenic peptide ghrelin was 30% lower in serum of obese subjects, whereas neuropeptide Y (NPY) (orexigenic) and peptide YY (PYY) (presumed antiorexigenic) were 15% and 37% higher, respectively. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32655 |
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| Comment | Among hormones that have been implicated in control of food intake, the gut-derived orexigenic peptide ghrelin was 30% lower in serum of obese subjects, whereas neuropeptide Y (NPY) (orexigenic) and peptide YY (PYY) (presumed antiorexigenic) were 15% and 37% higher, respectively. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32656 |
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| Comment | Among hormones that have been implicated in control of food intake, the gut-derived orexigenic peptide ghrelin was 30% lower in serum of obese subjects, whereas neuropeptide Y (NPY) (orexigenic) and peptide YY (PYY) (presumed antiorexigenic) were 15% and 37% higher, respectively. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32657 |
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| Comment | Human growth hormone (hGH) trended lower, and total IGF-1, IGFBP-1, and IGFBP-2 were all dramatically lower in serum of obese subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32658 |
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| Drugbank entries | Show/Hide entries for IGF1 |
| Comment | Human growth hormone (hGH) trended lower, and total IGF-1, IGFBP-1, and IGFBP-2 were all dramatically lower in serum of obese subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32659 |
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| Comment | Human growth hormone (hGH) trended lower, and total IGF-1, IGFBP-1, and IGFBP-2 were all dramatically lower in serum of obese subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32660 |
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| Comment | Among the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines measured, neither IL-6 nor TNF-alpha differed between obese and lean subjects, whereas IL-10 trended lower in the obese subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32661 |
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| Drugbank entries | Show/Hide entries for IL6 |
| Comment | Among the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines measured, neither IL-6 nor TNF-alpha differed between obese and lean subjects, whereas IL-10 trended lower in the obese subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32662 |
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| Drugbank entries | Show/Hide entries for TNF |
| Comment | In contrast, C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were 5.3-fold higher in obese subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32663 |
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| Drugbank entries | Show/Hide entries for CRP |
| Comment | Obese subjects had significantly higher levels of nonesterified free fatty acids and triglycerides and substantially lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32666 |
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| Comment | Obese subjects had significantly higher levels of nonesterified free fatty acids and triglycerides and substantially lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32667 |
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| Comment | Obese subjects had significantly higher levels of nonesterified free fatty acids and triglycerides and substantially lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32668 |
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| Comment | Levels of ketones (total and beta-hydroxybutyrate), byproducts of lipid catabolism, were not different between the groups, whereas levels of pyruvate and lactate, products of carbohydrate catabolism, were higher in serum of obese subjects. These findings appear consistent with the increase in RQ observed in the obese subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32669 |
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| Comment | Levels of ketones (total and beta-hydroxybutyrate), byproducts of lipid catabolism, were not different between the groups, whereas levels of pyruvate and lactate, products of carbohydrate catabolism, were higher in serum of obese subjects. These findings appear consistent with the increase in RQ observed in the obese subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32673 |
disease NOT affects_quantity of drug/chemical compound |
| Comment | Levels of ketones (total and beta-hydroxybutyrate), byproducts of lipid catabolism, were not different between the groups, whereas levels of pyruvate and lactate, products of carbohydrate catabolism, were higher in serum of obese subjects. These findings appear consistent with the increase in RQ observed in the obese subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32674 |
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| Comment | Levels of ketones (total and beta-hydroxybutyrate), byproducts of lipid catabolism, were not different between the groups, whereas levels of pyruvate and lactate, products of carbohydrate catabolism, were higher in serum of obese subjects. These findings appear consistent with the increase in RQ observed in the obese subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32676 |
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| Comment | Among free fatty acids, five of the eight species measured were significantly higher in obese compared to lean subjects (C14:0, C16:0, C16:1, C18:1, C20:4). The rise in C16:1 (palmitoleate) in insulin-resistant and obese subjects is of interest in light of a recent study suggesting that C16:1 promotes insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32677 |
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| Drugbank entries | Show/Hide entries for |
| Comment | Among free fatty acids, five of the eight species measured were significantly higher in obese compared to lean subjects (C14:0, C16:0, C16:1, C18:1, C20:4). The rise in C16:1 (palmitoleate) in insulin-resistant and obese subjects is of interest in light of a recent study suggesting that C16:1 promotes insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32678 |
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| Drugbank entries | Show/Hide entries for |
| Comment | Among free fatty acids, five of the eight species measured were significantly higher in obese compared to lean subjects (C14:0, C16:0, C16:1, C18:1, C20:4). The rise in C16:1 (palmitoleate) in insulin-resistant and obese subjects is of interest in light of a recent study suggesting that C16:1 promotes insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32679 |
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| Drugbank entries | Show/Hide entries for |
| Comment | Among free fatty acids, five of the eight species measured were significantly higher in obese compared to lean subjects (C14:0, C16:0, C16:1, C18:1, C20:4). The rise in C16:1 (palmitoleate) in insulin-resistant and obese subjects is of interest in light of a recent study suggesting that C16:1 promotes insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32680 |
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| Drugbank entries | Show/Hide entries for |
| Comment | Among free fatty acids, five of the eight species measured were significantly higher in obese compared to lean subjects (C14:0, C16:0, C16:1, C18:1, C20:4). The rise in C16:1 (palmitoleate) in insulin-resistant and obese subjects is of interest in light of a recent study suggesting that C16:1 promotes insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32681 |
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| Drugbank entries | Show/Hide entries for |
| Comment | Among a total of 16 amino acids measured in the serum, 7 were not different in obese versus lean subjects (citrulline, histidine, methionine, ornithine, proline, serine, tryptophan). Eight other amino acids were dramatically elevated in obese versus lean participants (alanine, valine, leucine/isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, glutamate/ glutamine, aspartate/asparagine, arginine), whereas glycine levels were lower in obese subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32682 |
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| Comment | Among a total of 16 amino acids measured in the serum, 7 were not different in obese versus lean subjects (citrulline, histidine, methionine, ornithine, proline, serine, tryptophan). Eight other amino acids were dramatically elevated in obese versus lean participants (alanine, valine, leucine/isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, glutamate/ glutamine, aspartate/asparagine, arginine), whereas glycine levels were lower in obese subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32683 |
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| Comment | Among a total of 16 amino acids measured in the serum, 7 were not different in obese versus lean subjects (citrulline, histidine, methionine, ornithine, proline, serine, tryptophan). Eight other amino acids were dramatically elevated in obese versus lean participants (alanine, valine, leucine/isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, glutamate/ glutamine, aspartate/asparagine, arginine), whereas glycine levels were lower in obese subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32684 |
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| Comment | Among a total of 16 amino acids measured in the serum, 7 were not different in obese versus lean subjects (citrulline, histidine, methionine, ornithine, proline, serine, tryptophan). Eight other amino acids were dramatically elevated in obese versus lean participants (alanine, valine, leucine/isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, glutamate/ glutamine, aspartate/asparagine, arginine), whereas glycine levels were lower in obese subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32685 |
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| Comment | Among a total of 16 amino acids measured in the serum, 7 were not different in obese versus lean subjects (citrulline, histidine, methionine, ornithine, proline, serine, tryptophan). Eight other amino acids were dramatically elevated in obese versus lean participants (alanine, valine, leucine/isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, glutamate/ glutamine, aspartate/asparagine, arginine), whereas glycine levels were lower in obese subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32686 |
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| Comment | Among a total of 16 amino acids measured in the serum, 7 were not different in obese versus lean subjects (citrulline, histidine, methionine, ornithine, proline, serine, tryptophan). Eight other amino acids were dramatically elevated in obese versus lean participants (alanine, valine, leucine/isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, glutamate/ glutamine, aspartate/asparagine, arginine), whereas glycine levels were lower in obese subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32687 |
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| Comment | Among a total of 16 amino acids measured in the serum, 7 were not different in obese versus lean subjects (citrulline, histidine, methionine, ornithine, proline, serine, tryptophan). Eight other amino acids were dramatically elevated in obese versus lean participants (alanine, valine, leucine/isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, glutamate/ glutamine, aspartate/asparagine, arginine), whereas glycine levels were lower in obese subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32689 |
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| Comment | Among a total of 16 amino acids measured in the serum, 7 were not different in obese versus lean subjects (citrulline, histidine, methionine, ornithine, proline, serine, tryptophan). Eight other amino acids were dramatically elevated in obese versus lean participants (alanine, valine, leucine/isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, glutamate/ glutamine, aspartate/asparagine, arginine), whereas glycine levels were lower in obese subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32690 |
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| Comment | Among a total of 16 amino acids measured in the serum, 7 were not different in obese versus lean subjects (citrulline, histidine, methionine, ornithine, proline, serine, tryptophan). Eight other amino acids were dramatically elevated in obese versus lean participants (alanine, valine, leucine/isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, glutamate/ glutamine, aspartate/asparagine, arginine), whereas glycine levels were lower in obese subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32691 |
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| Comment | Among a total of 16 amino acids measured in the serum, 7 were not different in obese versus lean subjects (citrulline, histidine, methionine, ornithine, proline, serine, tryptophan). Eight other amino acids were dramatically elevated in obese versus lean participants (alanine, valine, leucine/isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, glutamate/ glutamine, aspartate/asparagine, arginine), whereas glycine levels were lower in obese subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32692 |
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| Comment | Among a total of 16 amino acids measured in the serum, 7 were not different in obese versus lean subjects (citrulline, histidine, methionine, ornithine, proline, serine, tryptophan). Eight other amino acids were dramatically elevated in obese versus lean participants (alanine, valine, leucine/isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, glutamate/ glutamine, aspartate/asparagine, arginine), whereas glycine levels were lower in obese subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32693 |
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| Comment | Among a total of 16 amino acids measured in the serum, 7 were not different in obese versus lean subjects (citrulline, histidine, methionine, ornithine, proline, serine, tryptophan). Eight other amino acids were dramatically elevated in obese versus lean participants (alanine, valine, leucine/isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, glutamate/ glutamine, aspartate/asparagine, arginine), whereas glycine levels were lower in obese subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32694 |
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| Comment | Among a total of 16 amino acids measured in the serum, 7 were not different in obese versus lean subjects (citrulline, histidine, methionine, ornithine, proline, serine, tryptophan). Eight other amino acids were dramatically elevated in obese versus lean participants (alanine, valine, leucine/isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, glutamate/ glutamine, aspartate/asparagine, arginine), whereas glycine levels were lower in obese subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32695 |
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| Comment | Among a total of 16 amino acids measured in the serum, 7 were not different in obese versus lean subjects (citrulline, histidine, methionine, ornithine, proline, serine, tryptophan). Eight other amino acids were dramatically elevated in obese versus lean participants (alanine, valine, leucine/isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, glutamate/ glutamine, aspartate/asparagine, arginine), whereas glycine levels were lower in obese subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32696 |
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| Comment | Among a total of 16 amino acids measured in the serum, 7 were not different in obese versus lean subjects (citrulline, histidine, methionine, ornithine, proline, serine, tryptophan). Eight other amino acids were dramatically elevated in obese versus lean participants (alanine, valine, leucine/isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, glutamate/ glutamine, aspartate/asparagine, arginine), whereas glycine levels were lower in obese subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32697 |
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| Comment | Among a total of 16 amino acids measured in the serum, 7 were not different in obese versus lean subjects (citrulline, histidine, methionine, ornithine, proline, serine, tryptophan). Eight other amino acids were dramatically elevated in obese versus lean participants (alanine, valine, leucine/isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, glutamate/ glutamine, aspartate/asparagine, arginine), whereas glycine levels were lower in obese subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32698 |
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| Comment | Among a total of 16 amino acids measured in the serum, 7 were not different in obese versus lean subjects (citrulline, histidine, methionine, ornithine, proline, serine, tryptophan). Eight other amino acids were dramatically elevated in obese versus lean participants (alanine, valine, leucine/isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, glutamate/ glutamine, aspartate/asparagine, arginine), whereas glycine levels were lower in obese subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32699 |
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| Comment | Among a total of 16 amino acids measured in the serum, 7 were not different in obese versus lean subjects (citrulline, histidine, methionine, ornithine, proline, serine, tryptophan). Eight other amino acids were dramatically elevated in obese versus lean participants (alanine, valine, leucine/isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, glutamate/ glutamine, aspartate/asparagine, arginine), whereas glycine levels were lower in obese subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32701 |
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| Comment | Among a total of 16 amino acids measured in the serum, 7 were not different in obese versus lean subjects (citrulline, histidine, methionine, ornithine, proline, serine, tryptophan). Eight other amino acids were dramatically elevated in obese versus lean participants (alanine, valine, leucine/isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, glutamate/ glutamine, aspartate/asparagine, arginine), whereas glycine levels were lower in obese subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32702 |
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| Drugbank entries | Show/Hide entries for |
| Comment | Among 37 acylcarnitine species measured, only 4 were significantly higher in obese subjects (C3, C5, C6, C8:1). |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32704 |
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| Comment | Among 37 acylcarnitine species measured, only 4 were significantly higher in obese subjects (C3, C5, C6, C8:1). |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32710 |
disease increases_quantity of drug/chemical compound Alpha-methylbutyrylcarnitine |
| Comment | Among 37 acylcarnitine species measured, only 4 were significantly higher in obese subjects (C3, C5, C6, C8:1). |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32712 |
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| Comment | Among 37 acylcarnitine species measured, only 4 were significantly higher in obese subjects (C3, C5, C6, C8:1). |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32714 |
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| Comment | Among 37 acylcarnitine species measured, only 4 were significantly higher in obese subjects (C3, C5, C6, C8:1). |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32715 |
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| Comment | Among 20 organic acids measured in urine by GC/MS, 15 were not different in obese versus lean subjects (methylmalonate, succinate, methylsuccinate, fumarate, glutarate, butyrylglycine, malate, adipate, hexanoyl glycine, suberate, orotate, homovanillic, citrate, pyruvate, lactate). Levels of ethylmalonate were significantly higher, and levels of isobutyryl glycine, isovaleryl glycine, and alpha-ketoglutarate were lower in urine samples from obese compared to lean subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32716 |
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| Comment | Among 20 organic acids measured in urine by GC/MS, 15 were not different in obese versus lean subjects (methylmalonate, succinate, methylsuccinate, fumarate, glutarate, butyrylglycine, malate, adipate, hexanoyl glycine, suberate, orotate, homovanillic, citrate, pyruvate, lactate). Levels of ethylmalonate were significantly higher, and levels of isobutyryl glycine, isovaleryl glycine, and alpha-ketoglutarate were lower in urine samples from obese compared to lean subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32722 |
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| Comment | Among 20 organic acids measured in urine by GC/MS, 15 were not different in obese versus lean subjects (methylmalonate, succinate, methylsuccinate, fumarate, glutarate, butyrylglycine, malate, adipate, hexanoyl glycine, suberate, orotate, homovanillic, citrate, pyruvate, lactate). Levels of ethylmalonate were significantly higher, and levels of isobutyryl glycine, isovaleryl glycine, and alpha-ketoglutarate were lower in urine samples from obese compared to lean subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32723 |
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| Comment | Among 20 organic acids measured in urine by GC/MS, 15 were not different in obese versus lean subjects (methylmalonate, succinate, methylsuccinate, fumarate, glutarate, butyrylglycine, malate, adipate, hexanoyl glycine, suberate, orotate, homovanillic, citrate, pyruvate, lactate). Levels of ethylmalonate were significantly higher, and levels of isobutyryl glycine, isovaleryl glycine, and alpha-ketoglutarate were lower in urine samples from obese compared to lean subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32724 |
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| Drugbank entries | Show/Hide entries for |
| Comment | Among 20 organic acids measured in urine by GC/MS, 15 were not different in obese versus lean subjects (methylmalonate, succinate, methylsuccinate, fumarate, glutarate, butyrylglycine, malate, adipate, hexanoyl glycine, suberate, orotate, homovanillic, citrate, pyruvate, lactate). Levels of ethylmalonate were significantly higher, and levels of isobutyryl glycine, isovaleryl glycine, and alpha-ketoglutarate were lower in urine samples from obese compared to lean subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32725 |
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| Comment | Among 20 organic acids measured in urine by GC/MS, 15 were not different in obese versus lean subjects (methylmalonate, succinate, methylsuccinate, fumarate, glutarate, butyrylglycine, malate, adipate, hexanoyl glycine, suberate, orotate, homovanillic, citrate, pyruvate, lactate). Levels of ethylmalonate were significantly higher, and levels of isobutyryl glycine, isovaleryl glycine, and alpha-ketoglutarate were lower in urine samples from obese compared to lean subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32726 |
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| Comment | Among 20 organic acids measured in urine by GC/MS, 15 were not different in obese versus lean subjects (methylmalonate, succinate, methylsuccinate, fumarate, glutarate, butyrylglycine, malate, adipate, hexanoyl glycine, suberate, orotate, homovanillic, citrate, pyruvate, lactate). Levels of ethylmalonate were significantly higher, and levels of isobutyryl glycine, isovaleryl glycine, and alpha-ketoglutarate were lower in urine samples from obese compared to lean subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32727 |
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| Comment | Among 20 organic acids measured in urine by GC/MS, 15 were not different in obese versus lean subjects (methylmalonate, succinate, methylsuccinate, fumarate, glutarate, butyrylglycine, malate, adipate, hexanoyl glycine, suberate, orotate, homovanillic, citrate, pyruvate, lactate). Levels of ethylmalonate were significantly higher, and levels of isobutyryl glycine, isovaleryl glycine, and alpha-ketoglutarate were lower in urine samples from obese compared to lean subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32728 |
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| Comment | Among 20 organic acids measured in urine by GC/MS, 15 were not different in obese versus lean subjects (methylmalonate, succinate, methylsuccinate, fumarate, glutarate, butyrylglycine, malate, adipate, hexanoyl glycine, suberate, orotate, homovanillic, citrate, pyruvate, lactate). Levels of ethylmalonate were significantly higher, and levels of isobutyryl glycine, isovaleryl glycine, and alpha-ketoglutarate were lower in urine samples from obese compared to lean subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32729 |
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| Comment | Among 20 organic acids measured in urine by GC/MS, 15 were not different in obese versus lean subjects (methylmalonate, succinate, methylsuccinate, fumarate, glutarate, butyrylglycine, malate, adipate, hexanoyl glycine, suberate, orotate, homovanillic, citrate, pyruvate, lactate). Levels of ethylmalonate were significantly higher, and levels of isobutyryl glycine, isovaleryl glycine, and alpha-ketoglutarate were lower in urine samples from obese compared to lean subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32730 |
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| Comment | Among 20 organic acids measured in urine by GC/MS, 15 were not different in obese versus lean subjects (methylmalonate, succinate, methylsuccinate, fumarate, glutarate, butyrylglycine, malate, adipate, hexanoyl glycine, suberate, orotate, homovanillic, citrate, pyruvate, lactate). Levels of ethylmalonate were significantly higher, and levels of isobutyryl glycine, isovaleryl glycine, and alpha-ketoglutarate were lower in urine samples from obese compared to lean subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32731 |
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| Comment | Among 20 organic acids measured in urine by GC/MS, 15 were not different in obese versus lean subjects (methylmalonate, succinate, methylsuccinate, fumarate, glutarate, butyrylglycine, malate, adipate, hexanoyl glycine, suberate, orotate, homovanillic, citrate, pyruvate, lactate). Levels of ethylmalonate were significantly higher, and levels of isobutyryl glycine, isovaleryl glycine, and alpha-ketoglutarate were lower in urine samples from obese compared to lean subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32732 |
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| Comment | Among 20 organic acids measured in urine by GC/MS, 15 were not different in obese versus lean subjects (methylmalonate, succinate, methylsuccinate, fumarate, glutarate, butyrylglycine, malate, adipate, hexanoyl glycine, suberate, orotate, homovanillic, citrate, pyruvate, lactate). Levels of ethylmalonate were significantly higher, and levels of isobutyryl glycine, isovaleryl glycine, and alpha-ketoglutarate were lower in urine samples from obese compared to lean subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32733 |
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| Comment | Among 20 organic acids measured in urine by GC/MS, 15 were not different in obese versus lean subjects (methylmalonate, succinate, methylsuccinate, fumarate, glutarate, butyrylglycine, malate, adipate, hexanoyl glycine, suberate, orotate, homovanillic, citrate, pyruvate, lactate). Levels of ethylmalonate were significantly higher, and levels of isobutyryl glycine, isovaleryl glycine, and alpha-ketoglutarate were lower in urine samples from obese compared to lean subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32734 |
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| Comment | Among 20 organic acids measured in urine by GC/MS, 15 were not different in obese versus lean subjects (methylmalonate, succinate, methylsuccinate, fumarate, glutarate, butyrylglycine, malate, adipate, hexanoyl glycine, suberate, orotate, homovanillic, citrate, pyruvate, lactate). Levels of ethylmalonate were significantly higher, and levels of isobutyryl glycine, isovaleryl glycine, and alpha-ketoglutarate were lower in urine samples from obese compared to lean subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32735 |
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| Comment | Among 20 organic acids measured in urine by GC/MS, 15 were not different in obese versus lean subjects (methylmalonate, succinate, methylsuccinate, fumarate, glutarate, butyrylglycine, malate, adipate, hexanoyl glycine, suberate, orotate, homovanillic, citrate, pyruvate, lactate). Levels of ethylmalonate were significantly higher, and levels of isobutyryl glycine, isovaleryl glycine, and alpha-ketoglutarate were lower in urine samples from obese compared to lean subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32736 |
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| Comment | Among 20 organic acids measured in urine by GC/MS, 15 were not different in obese versus lean subjects (methylmalonate, succinate, methylsuccinate, fumarate, glutarate, butyrylglycine, malate, adipate, hexanoyl glycine, suberate, orotate, homovanillic, citrate, pyruvate, lactate). Levels of ethylmalonate were significantly higher, and levels of isobutyryl glycine, isovaleryl glycine, and alpha-ketoglutarate were lower in urine samples from obese compared to lean subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32737 |
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| Comment | Among 20 organic acids measured in urine by GC/MS, 15 were not different in obese versus lean subjects (methylmalonate, succinate, methylsuccinate, fumarate, glutarate, butyrylglycine, malate, adipate, hexanoyl glycine, suberate, orotate, homovanillic, citrate, pyruvate, lactate). Levels of ethylmalonate were significantly higher, and levels of isobutyryl glycine, isovaleryl glycine, and alpha-ketoglutarate were lower in urine samples from obese compared to lean subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32738 |
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| Comment | Among 20 organic acids measured in urine by GC/MS, 15 were not different in obese versus lean subjects (methylmalonate, succinate, methylsuccinate, fumarate, glutarate, butyrylglycine, malate, adipate, hexanoyl glycine, suberate, orotate, homovanillic, citrate, pyruvate, lactate). Levels of ethylmalonate were significantly higher, and levels of isobutyryl glycine, isovaleryl glycine, and alpha-ketoglutarate were lower in urine samples from obese compared to lean subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32740 |
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| Comment | In the physiological context of overnutrition and low IGF-1 levels, as found in obese subjects, circulating BCAAs rise, leading to increased flux of these amino acids through their catabolic pathways. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32778 |
disease increases_activity of phenotype increased circulating branched-chain amino acid level |
| Comment | In the physiological context of overnutrition and low IGF-1 levels, as found in obese subjects, circulating BCAAs rise, leading to increased flux of these amino acids through their catabolic pathways. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32779 |
phenotype increased circulating branched-chain amino acid level increases_activity of |
| Comment | A high rate of flux through BCAA catabolic pathways and accumulation of glutamate may increase transamination of pyruvate to alanine. Increases in alanine, a highly gluconeogenic amino acid, could contribute to development of glucose intolerance in obesity. Indeed, circulating pyruvate and alanine levels are clearly elevated in the obese subjects. |
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Formal Description Interaction-ID: 32789 |
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