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General Information:

Id:	1,588
Diseases:	Alzheimer disease - [OMIM] Multiple sclerosis - [OMIM] Parkinson disease
Organism:	Mammalia
Publication type:	review
Reference:	Di Filippo M et al.(2010) Mitochondria and the link between neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration J. Alzheimers Dis. 20: S369-S379 [PMID: 20463396]

Interaction Information:

Comment	Neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration represent a ubiquitous pathological finding during the course of several different neurological diseases like AD, PD, and MS.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 11446	disease Alzheimer disease increases_activity of phenotype neuroinflammation

Comment	Neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration represent a ubiquitous pathological finding during the course of several different neurological diseases like AD, PD, and MS.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 11447	disease Parkinson disease increases_activity of phenotype neuroinflammation

Comment	Neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration represent a ubiquitous pathological finding during the course of several different neurological diseases like AD, PD, and MS.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 11448	disease Multiple sclerosis increases_activity of phenotype neuroinflammation

Comment	Neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration represent a ubiquitous pathological finding during the course of several different neurological diseases like AD, PD, and MS.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 11450	disease Alzheimer disease increases_activity of phenotype neurodegeneration

Comment	Neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration represent a ubiquitous pathological finding during the course of several different neurological diseases like AD, PD, and MS.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 11451	disease Parkinson disease increases_activity of phenotype neurodegeneration

Comment	The innate immune response can promote repair and remyelination and trigger the production of neurotrophic factors in response to injury, but many potentially harmful mediators such as cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nitric oxide (NO) are also released.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 11452	process innate immune response affects_activity of gene/protein Cytokine

Comment	The innate immune response can promote repair and remyelination and trigger the production of neurotrophic factors in response to injury, but many potentially harmful mediators such as cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nitric oxide (NO) are also released.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 11453	process response to stress affects_activity of process innate immune response

Comment	The innate immune response can promote repair and remyelination and trigger the production of neurotrophic factors in response to injury, but many potentially harmful mediators such as cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nitric oxide (NO) are also released.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 11454	process innate immune response affects_activity of process inflammatory response

Comment	The innate immune response can promote repair and remyelination and trigger the production of neurotrophic factors in response to injury, but many potentially harmful mediators such as cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nitric oxide (NO) are also released.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 11455	process inflammatory response increases_quantity of gene/protein Proinflammatory cytokine

Comment	The innate immune response can promote repair and remyelination and trigger the production of neurotrophic factors in response to injury, but many potentially harmful mediators such as cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nitric oxide (NO) are also released.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 11456	process innate immune response increases_quantity of drug/chemical compound Reactive oxygen species

Comment	Molecules of the innate immune response can promote repair and remyelination and trigger the production of neurotrophic factors in response to injury, but many potentially harmful mediators such as cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nitric oxide (NO) are also released.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 11457	process innate immune response increases_quantity of drug/chemical compound NO

Comment	Molecules of the innate immune response can promote repair and remyelination and trigger the production of neurotrophic factors in response to injury, but many potentially harmful mediators such as cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nitric oxide (NO) are also released.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 11458	process innate immune response affects_activity of process central nervous system myelination exactly: remyelination

Comment	Microglial cells are the main cell type of the innate immune system in the brain. The acute response of microglial cells to neuroinflammatory stimuli involves changes in cell phenotype and gene expression, including the de novo expression of the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta).
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 11459	tissue/cell line microglia increases_activity of process innate immune response

Comment	Microglial cells are the main cell type of the innate immune system in the brain. The acute response of microglial cells to neuroinflammatory stimuli involves changes in cell phenotype and gene expression, including the de novo expression of the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta).
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 11646	process acute inflammatory response increases_activity of process microglia differentiation in form of acute response of microglial cells

Comment	Microglial cells are the main cell type of the innate immune system in the brain. The acute response of microglial cells to neuroinflammatory stimuli involves changes in cell phenotype and gene expression, including the de novo expression of the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta).
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 11647	process acute inflammatory response increases_activity of process gene expression including the de novo expression of the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta)

Comment	The acute response of microglial cells to neuroinflammatory stimuli involves changes in cell phenotype and gene expression, including the de novo expression of the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta).
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 11648	process acute inflammatory response increases_expression of gene/protein TNF
Drugbank entries	Show/Hide entries for TNF
Drugbank DB00005	Etanercept antibody TNF
Drugbank DB00051	Adalimumab antibody TNF
Drugbank DB00065	Infliximab inhibitor TNF
Drugbank DB00608	Chloroquine not specified TNF
Drugbank DB01041	Thalidomide inhibitor TNF
Drugbank DB01296	Glucosamine not specified TNF
Drugbank DB01407	Clenbuterol other/unknown TNF
Drugbank DB01411	Pranlukast other/unknown TNF
Drugbank DB01427	Amrinone inhibitor TNF
Drugbank DB00051	Adalimumab antibody TNF
Drugbank DB00065	Infliximab inhibitor TNF
Drugbank DB01427	Amrinone inhibitor TNF

Comment	The acute response of microglial cells to neuroinflammatory stimuli involves changes in cell phenotype and gene expression, including the de novo expression of the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta).
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 11650	process acute inflammatory response increases_expression of gene/protein IL1B
Drugbank entries	Show/Hide entries for IL1B
Drugbank DB01017	Minocycline modulator IL1B
Drugbank DB05260	Gallium nitrate antagonist IL1B
Drugbank DB06168	Canakinumab not specified IL1B
Drugbank DB06168	Canakinumab not specified IL1B

Comment	The acute response of microglial cells to neuroinflammatory stimuli involves changes in cell phenotype and gene expression, including the de novo expression of the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta).
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 11651	process acute inflammatory response increases_expression of gene/protein NOS2
Drugbank entries	Show/Hide entries for NOS2
Drugbank DB00125	L-Arginine not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB00155	L-Citrulline not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB01110	Miconazole inhibitor NOS2
Drugbank DB01234	Dexamethasone negative modulator NOS2
Drugbank DB01686	N,N-dimethylarginine not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB01835	4r-Fluoro-N6-Ethanimidoyl-L-Lysine not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB01997	3-Bromo-7-Nitroindazole not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB02044	N-(3-(Aminomethyl)Benzyl)Acetamidine not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB02207	7-Nitroindazole not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB02234	Ethylisothiourea not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB02462	Thiocoumarin not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB02533	Aminoguanidine inhibitor NOS2
Drugbank DB02539	S-Ethylisothiourea not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB02644	N-Omega-Propyl-L-Arginine not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB02692	(6r,1'r,2's)-5,6,7,8 Tetrahydrobiopterin not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB03014	Heme not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB03100	6-Nitroindazole not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB03144	N-Omega-Hydroxy-L-Arginine not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB03271	7,8-Dihydro-L-Biopterin not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB03449	N-(4-(2-((3-Chlorophenylmethyl)Amino)Eth ... not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB03953	L-Thiocitrulline not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB04400	7,8-Dihydrobiopterin not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB04534	5-Nitroindazole not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB06879	5-(4'-AMINO-1'-ETHYL-5',8'-DIFLUORO-1'H- ... not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB06916	N-[2-(1,3-BENZODIOXOL-5-YL)ETHYL]-1-[2-( ... not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB07002	4-({4-[(4-methoxypyridin-2-yl)amino]pipe ... not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB07003	(2S)-2-methyl-2,3-dihydrothieno[2,3-f][1 ... not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB07007	(3R)-3-[(1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-7 ... not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB07008	4-(1,3-BENZODIOXOL-5-YLOXY)-2-[4-(1H-IMI ... not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB07011	(3S)-1-(1,3-BENZODIOXOL-5-YLMETHYL)-3-[4 ... not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB07029	4-(1,3-BENZODIOXOL-5-YLOXY)-2-[4-(1H-IMI ... not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB07306	ETHYL 4-[(4-CHLOROPYRIDIN-2-YL)AMINO]PIP ... not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB07318	N-[2-(4-AMINO-5,8-DIFLUORO-1,2-DIHYDROQU ... not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB07388	ETHYL 4-[(4-METHYLPYRIDIN-2-YL)AMINO]PIP ... not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB07389	N-[2-(6-AMINO-4-METHYLPYRIDIN-2-YL)ETHYL ... not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB07405	1-(6-CYANO-3-PYRIDYLCARBONYL)-5',8'-DIFL ... not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB08214	4-(1H-IMIDAZOL-1-YL)PHENOL not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB08750	1-[4-(AMINOMETHYL)BENZOYL]-5'-FLUORO-1'H ... not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB08814	Triflusal agonist NOS2
Drugbank DB00125	L-Arginine not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB00155	L-Citrulline not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB01686	N,N-dimethylarginine not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB01835	4r-Fluoro-N6-Ethanimidoyl-L-Lysine not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB01997	3-Bromo-7-Nitroindazole not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB02207	7-Nitroindazole not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB02234	Ethylisothiourea not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB02533	Aminoguanidine inhibitor NOS2
Drugbank DB02539	S-Ethylisothiourea not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB02644	N-Omega-Propyl-L-Arginine not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB02692	(6r,1'r,2's)-5,6,7,8 Tetrahydrobiopterin not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB03014	Heme not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB03100	6-Nitroindazole not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB03144	N-Omega-Hydroxy-L-Arginine not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB03271	7,8-Dihydro-L-Biopterin not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB03953	L-Thiocitrulline not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB04400	7,8-Dihydrobiopterin not specified NOS2
Drugbank DB04534	5-Nitroindazole not specified NOS2

Comment	This acute microglial neuroinflammatory response involves the release of several inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines and is capable to trigger oxidative and nitrosative stress.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 11652	process acute inflammatory response increases_quantity of gene/protein Proinflammatory cytokine

Comment	This acute microglial neuroinflammatory response involves the release of several inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines and is capable to trigger oxidative and nitrosative stress.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 11653	process acute inflammatory response affects_activity of process response to oxidative stress

Comment	This acute microglial neuroinflammatory response involves the release of several inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines and is capable to trigger oxidative and nitrosative stress.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 11654	process acute inflammatory response affects_activity of process response to nitrosative stress

Comment	Microglial cells are the main cell type of the innate immune system in the brain. The acute response of microglial cells to neuroinflammatory stimuli involves changes in cell phenotype and gene expression, including the de novo expression of the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta).
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 11655	process microglia differentiation affects_activity of tissue/cell line microglia

Comment	Mitochondria represent a particularly vulnerable target of oxidative and nitrosative stress.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 11656	process response to oxidative stress affects_activity of cellular component mitochondrion

Comment	Mitochondria represent a particularly vulnerable target of oxidative and nitrosative stress.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 11657	process response to nitrosative stress affects_activity of cellular component mitochondrion

Comment	Activated microglia can produce and release both ROS and nitrogen species (RNS). ROS and RNS can cause damage to essential components of the mitochondria such as mitochondrial DNA.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 11658	process microglial cell activation increases_quantity of drug/chemical compound Reactive oxygen species Activated microglia can produce and release ROS.

Comment	Activated microglia can produce and release both ROS and nitrogen species (RNS). ROS and RNS can cause damage to essential components of the mitochondria such as mitochondrial DNA.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 11675	process microglial cell activation increases_quantity of drug/chemical compound Reactive nitrogen species Activated microglia can produce and release RNS.

Comment	Activated microglia can produce and release both ROS and nitrogen species (RNS). ROS and RNS can cause damage to essential components of the mitochondria such as mitochondrial DNA.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 11678	drug/chemical compound Reactive nitrogen species increases_activity of process cellular response to DNA damage stimulus in mitochondria; RNS can cause damage to essential components of the mitochondria such as mitochondrial DNA.

Comment	Activated microglia can produce and release both ROS and nitrogen species (RNS). ROS and RNS can cause damage to essential components of the mitochondria such as mitochondrial DNA.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 11681	drug/chemical compound Reactive oxygen species increases_activity of process cellular response to DNA damage stimulus in mitochondria; ROS can cause damage to essential components of the mitochondria such as mitochondrial DNA.

Comment	Activated microglia can produce and release both ROS and nitrogen species (RNS). ROS and RNS can cause damage to essential components of the mitochondria such as mitochondrial DNA.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 11682	drug/chemical compound Reactive nitrogen species decreases_activity of cellular component mitochondrion RNS can cause damage to essential components of the mitochondria such as mitochondrial DNA.

Comment	Activated microglia can produce and release both ROS and nitrogen species (RNS). ROS and RNS can cause damage to essential components of the mitochondria such as mitochondrial DNA.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 11683	drug/chemical compound Reactive oxygen species decreases_activity of cellular component mitochondrion ROS can cause damage to essential components of the mitochondria such as mitochondrial DNA.

Comment	Hypothesis: ROS, generated from oxidative phosphorylation, may cause mutations in the mtDNA, which in turn leads to mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation dysfunction and to an increased production of ROS, potentially triggering a vicious cycle.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 11685	none selected
Drugbank entries	Show/Hide entries for or
Drugbank DB00053	Imiglucerase other/unknown
Drugbank DB00057	Satumomab Pendetide other/unknown
Drugbank DB00070	Hyaluronidase other
Drugbank DB00085	Pancrelipase cleavage
Drugbank DB00085	Pancrelipase cleavage
Drugbank DB00085	Pancrelipase cleavage
Drugbank DB00088	Alglucerase other/unknown
Drugbank DB00103	Agalsidase beta ligand
Drugbank DB00238	Nevirapine inhibitor
Drugbank DB00258	Calcium Acetate binder
Drugbank DB00262	Carmustine other/unknown
Drugbank DB00314	Capreomycin inhibitor
Drugbank DB00375	Colestipol binder
Drugbank DB00491	Miglitol antagonist
Drugbank DB00491	Miglitol antagonist
Drugbank DB00495	Zidovudine inhibitor
Drugbank DB00512	Vancomycin inhibitor
Drugbank DB00544	Fluorouracil incorporation into and destabilization
Drugbank DB00566	Succimer chelator
Drugbank DB00566	Succimer chelator
Drugbank DB00566	Succimer chelator
Drugbank DB00566	Succimer chelator
Drugbank DB00578	Carbenicillin inhibitor
Drugbank DB00625	Efavirenz inhibitor
Drugbank DB00626	Bacitracin antagonist
Drugbank DB00639	Butoconazole other
Drugbank DB00646	Nystatin binder
Drugbank DB00649	Stavudine inhibitor
Drugbank DB00658	Sevelamer binder
Drugbank DB00681	Amphotericin B binder
Drugbank DB00705	Delavirdine inhibitor
Drugbank DB00709	Lamivudine inhibitor
Drugbank DB00746	Deferoxamine chelator
Drugbank DB00746	Deferoxamine chelator
Drugbank DB00781	Polymyxin B Sulfate incorporation into and destabilization
Drugbank DB00803	Colistin incorporation into and destabilization
Drugbank DB00826	Natamycin binder
Drugbank DB00847	Cysteamine cleavage
Drugbank DB00859	Penicillamine chelator
Drugbank DB00878	Chlorhexidine incorporation into and destabilization
Drugbank DB00879	Emtricitabine inhibitor
Drugbank DB00900	Didanosine inhibitor
Drugbank DB00928	Azacitidine other
Drugbank DB00930	Colesevelam binder
Drugbank DB00943	Zalcitabine inhibitor
Drugbank DB00974	Edetic Acid chelator
Drugbank DB00974	Edetic Acid chelator
Drugbank DB00974	Edetic Acid chelator
Drugbank DB01048	Abacavir inhibitor
Drugbank DB01058	Praziquantel other/unknown
Drugbank DB01101	Capecitabine incorporation into and destabilization
Drugbank DB01111	Colistimethate incorporation into and destabilization
Drugbank DB01152	Candicidin antagonist
Drugbank DB01188	Ciclopirox chelator
Drugbank DB01271	Idursulfase not specified
Drugbank DB01271	Idursulfase not specified
Drugbank DB01272	Alglucosidase alfa cleavage
Drugbank DB01279	Galsulfase not specified
Drugbank DB01344	Polystyrene sulfonate binder
Drugbank DB01390	Sodium bicarbonate neutralizer
Drugbank DB01422	Nitroxoline chelator
Drugbank DB01422	Nitroxoline chelator
Drugbank DB01432	Cholestyramine binder
Drugbank DB01440	Gamma Hydroxybutyric Acid agonist
Drugbank DB01609	Deferasirox chelator
Drugbank DB05260	Gallium nitrate agonist
Drugbank DB06149	Teicoplanin inhibitor
Drugbank DB06151	Acetylcysteine reducer
Drugbank DB06689	Ethanolamine Oleate activator
Drugbank DB06715	Potassium Iodide binder
Drugbank DB06718	Stanozolol other
Drugbank DB06718	Stanozolol negative modulator
Drugbank DB06782	Dimercaprol chelator
Drugbank DB06782	Dimercaprol chelator
Drugbank DB06782	Dimercaprol chelator
Drugbank DB08813	Nadroparin inhibitor
Drugbank DB00053	Imiglucerase other/unknown
Drugbank DB00057	Satumomab Pendetide other/unknown
Drugbank DB00070	Hyaluronidase other
Drugbank DB00085	Pancrelipase cleavage
Drugbank DB00085	Pancrelipase cleavage
Drugbank DB00085	Pancrelipase cleavage
Drugbank DB00088	Alglucerase other/unknown
Drugbank DB00103	Agalsidase beta ligand
Drugbank DB00238	Nevirapine inhibitor
Drugbank DB00258	Calcium Acetate binder
Drugbank DB00262	Carmustine other/unknown
Drugbank DB00314	Capreomycin inhibitor
Drugbank DB00375	Colestipol binder
Drugbank DB00491	Miglitol antagonist
Drugbank DB00491	Miglitol antagonist
Drugbank DB00495	Zidovudine inhibitor
Drugbank DB00512	Vancomycin inhibitor
Drugbank DB00544	Fluorouracil incorporation into and destabilization
Drugbank DB00566	Succimer chelator
Drugbank DB00566	Succimer chelator
Drugbank DB00566	Succimer chelator
Drugbank DB00566	Succimer chelator
Drugbank DB00578	Carbenicillin inhibitor
Drugbank DB00625	Efavirenz inhibitor
Drugbank DB00626	Bacitracin antagonist
Drugbank DB00639	Butoconazole other
Drugbank DB00646	Nystatin binder
Drugbank DB00649	Stavudine inhibitor
Drugbank DB00658	Sevelamer binder
Drugbank DB00681	Amphotericin B binder
Drugbank DB00705	Delavirdine inhibitor
Drugbank DB00709	Lamivudine inhibitor
Drugbank DB00746	Deferoxamine chelator
Drugbank DB00746	Deferoxamine chelator
Drugbank DB00781	Polymyxin B Sulfate incorporation into and destabilization
Drugbank DB00803	Colistin incorporation into and destabilization
Drugbank DB00826	Natamycin binder
Drugbank DB00847	Cysteamine cleavage
Drugbank DB00859	Penicillamine chelator
Drugbank DB00878	Chlorhexidine incorporation into and destabilization
Drugbank DB00879	Emtricitabine inhibitor
Drugbank DB00900	Didanosine inhibitor
Drugbank DB00928	Azacitidine other
Drugbank DB00930	Colesevelam binder
Drugbank DB00943	Zalcitabine inhibitor
Drugbank DB00974	Edetic Acid chelator
Drugbank DB00974	Edetic Acid chelator
Drugbank DB00974	Edetic Acid chelator
Drugbank DB01048	Abacavir inhibitor
Drugbank DB01058	Praziquantel other/unknown
Drugbank DB01101	Capecitabine incorporation into and destabilization
Drugbank DB01111	Colistimethate incorporation into and destabilization
Drugbank DB01152	Candicidin antagonist
Drugbank DB01188	Ciclopirox chelator
Drugbank DB01271	Idursulfase not specified
Drugbank DB01271	Idursulfase not specified
Drugbank DB01272	Alglucosidase alfa cleavage
Drugbank DB01279	Galsulfase not specified
Drugbank DB01344	Polystyrene sulfonate binder
Drugbank DB01390	Sodium bicarbonate neutralizer
Drugbank DB01422	Nitroxoline chelator
Drugbank DB01422	Nitroxoline chelator
Drugbank DB01432	Cholestyramine binder
Drugbank DB01440	Gamma Hydroxybutyric Acid agonist
Drugbank DB01609	Deferasirox chelator
Drugbank DB05260	Gallium nitrate agonist
Drugbank DB06149	Teicoplanin inhibitor
Drugbank DB06151	Acetylcysteine reducer
Drugbank DB06689	Ethanolamine Oleate activator
Drugbank DB06715	Potassium Iodide binder
Drugbank DB06718	Stanozolol other
Drugbank DB06718	Stanozolol negative modulator
Drugbank DB06782	Dimercaprol chelator
Drugbank DB06782	Dimercaprol chelator
Drugbank DB06782	Dimercaprol chelator
Drugbank DB08813	Nadroparin inhibitor

Comment	Nitrosative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disorders.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 11688	process response to nitrosative stress affects_activity of process inflammatory response

Comment	Nitrosative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disorders.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 11690	process response to nitrosative stress affects_activity of phenotype neurodegeneration

Comment	As AD progresses, both declarative and nondeclarative memory become profoundly impaired, the capacity for reasoning, abstraction, and language are progressively lost.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 11761	disease Alzheimer disease decreases_activity of process learning or memory

Comment	Inflammatory responses in AD include changes in microglia morphology and astrogliosis.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 11762	disease Alzheimer disease increases_activity of phenotype abnormal microglial cell morphology

Comment	Inflammatory responses in AD include changes in microglia morphology and astrogliosis.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 11763	disease Alzheimer disease affects_activity of phenotype astrocytosis

Comment	In postmortem AD brains and in the cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood of AD patients elevated levels of expression of molecules associated with immune cells activation can be found such as the cytokines IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 11764	disease Alzheimer disease increases_quantity of gene/protein IL1B in postmortem AD brain and in the cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood; of AD patients
Drugbank entries	Show/Hide entries for IL1B
Drugbank DB01017	Minocycline modulator IL1B
Drugbank DB05260	Gallium nitrate antagonist IL1B
Drugbank DB06168	Canakinumab not specified IL1B
Drugbank DB06168	Canakinumab not specified IL1B

Comment	In postmortem AD brains and in the cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood of AD patients elevated levels of expression of molecules associated with immune cells activation can be found such as the cytokines IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 11773	disease Alzheimer disease increases_quantity of gene/protein IL6 in postmortem AD brain and in the cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood; of AD patients
Drugbank entries	Show/Hide entries for IL6
Drugbank DB01404	Ginseng antagonist IL6
Drugbank DB01404	Ginseng antagonist IL6

Comment	In postmortem AD brains and in the cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood of AD patients elevated levels of expression of molecules associated with immune cells activation can be found such as the cytokines IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 11774	disease Alzheimer disease increases_quantity of gene/protein TNF in postmortem AD brain and in the cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood; of AD patients
Drugbank entries	Show/Hide entries for TNF
Drugbank DB00005	Etanercept antibody TNF
Drugbank DB00051	Adalimumab antibody TNF
Drugbank DB00065	Infliximab inhibitor TNF
Drugbank DB00608	Chloroquine not specified TNF
Drugbank DB01041	Thalidomide inhibitor TNF
Drugbank DB01296	Glucosamine not specified TNF
Drugbank DB01407	Clenbuterol other/unknown TNF
Drugbank DB01411	Pranlukast other/unknown TNF
Drugbank DB01427	Amrinone inhibitor TNF
Drugbank DB00051	Adalimumab antibody TNF
Drugbank DB00065	Infliximab inhibitor TNF
Drugbank DB01427	Amrinone inhibitor TNF

Comment	TNF-alpha is able to promote Abeta peptide accumulation potentially triggering a vicious cycle leading to enhanced inflammation and disease progression.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 11775	gene/protein TNF increases_quantity of gene/protein Amyloid beta peptide
Drugbank entries	Show/Hide entries for TNF
Drugbank DB00005	Etanercept antibody TNF
Drugbank DB00051	Adalimumab antibody TNF
Drugbank DB00065	Infliximab inhibitor TNF
Drugbank DB00608	Chloroquine not specified TNF
Drugbank DB01041	Thalidomide inhibitor TNF
Drugbank DB01296	Glucosamine not specified TNF
Drugbank DB01407	Clenbuterol other/unknown TNF
Drugbank DB01411	Pranlukast other/unknown TNF
Drugbank DB01427	Amrinone inhibitor TNF
Drugbank DB00051	Adalimumab antibody TNF
Drugbank DB00065	Infliximab inhibitor TNF
Drugbank DB01427	Amrinone inhibitor TNF

Comment	Hypothesis: A current hypothesis is that accumulation of misfolded proteins may result in oxidative and inflammatory damage, which in turn leads to energy failure, synaptic and neuronal dysfunction, and degeneration in AD brains.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 11776	none selected
Drugbank entries	Show/Hide entries for or
Drugbank DB00053	Imiglucerase other/unknown
Drugbank DB00057	Satumomab Pendetide other/unknown
Drugbank DB00070	Hyaluronidase other
Drugbank DB00085	Pancrelipase cleavage
Drugbank DB00085	Pancrelipase cleavage
Drugbank DB00085	Pancrelipase cleavage
Drugbank DB00088	Alglucerase other/unknown
Drugbank DB00103	Agalsidase beta ligand
Drugbank DB00238	Nevirapine inhibitor
Drugbank DB00258	Calcium Acetate binder
Drugbank DB00262	Carmustine other/unknown
Drugbank DB00314	Capreomycin inhibitor
Drugbank DB00375	Colestipol binder
Drugbank DB00491	Miglitol antagonist
Drugbank DB00491	Miglitol antagonist
Drugbank DB00495	Zidovudine inhibitor
Drugbank DB00512	Vancomycin inhibitor
Drugbank DB00544	Fluorouracil incorporation into and destabilization
Drugbank DB00566	Succimer chelator
Drugbank DB00566	Succimer chelator
Drugbank DB00566	Succimer chelator
Drugbank DB00566	Succimer chelator
Drugbank DB00578	Carbenicillin inhibitor
Drugbank DB00625	Efavirenz inhibitor
Drugbank DB00626	Bacitracin antagonist
Drugbank DB00639	Butoconazole other
Drugbank DB00646	Nystatin binder
Drugbank DB00649	Stavudine inhibitor
Drugbank DB00658	Sevelamer binder
Drugbank DB00681	Amphotericin B binder
Drugbank DB00705	Delavirdine inhibitor
Drugbank DB00709	Lamivudine inhibitor
Drugbank DB00746	Deferoxamine chelator
Drugbank DB00746	Deferoxamine chelator
Drugbank DB00781	Polymyxin B Sulfate incorporation into and destabilization
Drugbank DB00803	Colistin incorporation into and destabilization
Drugbank DB00826	Natamycin binder
Drugbank DB00847	Cysteamine cleavage
Drugbank DB00859	Penicillamine chelator
Drugbank DB00878	Chlorhexidine incorporation into and destabilization
Drugbank DB00879	Emtricitabine inhibitor
Drugbank DB00900	Didanosine inhibitor
Drugbank DB00928	Azacitidine other
Drugbank DB00930	Colesevelam binder
Drugbank DB00943	Zalcitabine inhibitor
Drugbank DB00974	Edetic Acid chelator
Drugbank DB00974	Edetic Acid chelator
Drugbank DB00974	Edetic Acid chelator
Drugbank DB01048	Abacavir inhibitor
Drugbank DB01058	Praziquantel other/unknown
Drugbank DB01101	Capecitabine incorporation into and destabilization
Drugbank DB01111	Colistimethate incorporation into and destabilization
Drugbank DB01152	Candicidin antagonist
Drugbank DB01188	Ciclopirox chelator
Drugbank DB01271	Idursulfase not specified
Drugbank DB01271	Idursulfase not specified
Drugbank DB01272	Alglucosidase alfa cleavage
Drugbank DB01279	Galsulfase not specified
Drugbank DB01344	Polystyrene sulfonate binder
Drugbank DB01390	Sodium bicarbonate neutralizer
Drugbank DB01422	Nitroxoline chelator
Drugbank DB01422	Nitroxoline chelator
Drugbank DB01432	Cholestyramine binder
Drugbank DB01440	Gamma Hydroxybutyric Acid agonist
Drugbank DB01609	Deferasirox chelator
Drugbank DB05260	Gallium nitrate agonist
Drugbank DB06149	Teicoplanin inhibitor
Drugbank DB06151	Acetylcysteine reducer
Drugbank DB06689	Ethanolamine Oleate activator
Drugbank DB06715	Potassium Iodide binder
Drugbank DB06718	Stanozolol other
Drugbank DB06718	Stanozolol negative modulator
Drugbank DB06782	Dimercaprol chelator
Drugbank DB06782	Dimercaprol chelator
Drugbank DB06782	Dimercaprol chelator
Drugbank DB08813	Nadroparin inhibitor
Drugbank DB00053	Imiglucerase other/unknown
Drugbank DB00057	Satumomab Pendetide other/unknown
Drugbank DB00070	Hyaluronidase other
Drugbank DB00085	Pancrelipase cleavage
Drugbank DB00085	Pancrelipase cleavage
Drugbank DB00085	Pancrelipase cleavage
Drugbank DB00088	Alglucerase other/unknown
Drugbank DB00103	Agalsidase beta ligand
Drugbank DB00238	Nevirapine inhibitor
Drugbank DB00258	Calcium Acetate binder
Drugbank DB00262	Carmustine other/unknown
Drugbank DB00314	Capreomycin inhibitor
Drugbank DB00375	Colestipol binder
Drugbank DB00491	Miglitol antagonist
Drugbank DB00491	Miglitol antagonist
Drugbank DB00495	Zidovudine inhibitor
Drugbank DB00512	Vancomycin inhibitor
Drugbank DB00544	Fluorouracil incorporation into and destabilization
Drugbank DB00566	Succimer chelator
Drugbank DB00566	Succimer chelator
Drugbank DB00566	Succimer chelator
Drugbank DB00566	Succimer chelator
Drugbank DB00578	Carbenicillin inhibitor
Drugbank DB00625	Efavirenz inhibitor
Drugbank DB00626	Bacitracin antagonist
Drugbank DB00639	Butoconazole other
Drugbank DB00646	Nystatin binder
Drugbank DB00649	Stavudine inhibitor
Drugbank DB00658	Sevelamer binder
Drugbank DB00681	Amphotericin B binder
Drugbank DB00705	Delavirdine inhibitor
Drugbank DB00709	Lamivudine inhibitor
Drugbank DB00746	Deferoxamine chelator
Drugbank DB00746	Deferoxamine chelator
Drugbank DB00781	Polymyxin B Sulfate incorporation into and destabilization
Drugbank DB00803	Colistin incorporation into and destabilization
Drugbank DB00826	Natamycin binder
Drugbank DB00847	Cysteamine cleavage
Drugbank DB00859	Penicillamine chelator
Drugbank DB00878	Chlorhexidine incorporation into and destabilization
Drugbank DB00879	Emtricitabine inhibitor
Drugbank DB00900	Didanosine inhibitor
Drugbank DB00928	Azacitidine other
Drugbank DB00930	Colesevelam binder
Drugbank DB00943	Zalcitabine inhibitor
Drugbank DB00974	Edetic Acid chelator
Drugbank DB00974	Edetic Acid chelator
Drugbank DB00974	Edetic Acid chelator
Drugbank DB01048	Abacavir inhibitor
Drugbank DB01058	Praziquantel other/unknown
Drugbank DB01101	Capecitabine incorporation into and destabilization
Drugbank DB01111	Colistimethate incorporation into and destabilization
Drugbank DB01152	Candicidin antagonist
Drugbank DB01188	Ciclopirox chelator
Drugbank DB01271	Idursulfase not specified
Drugbank DB01271	Idursulfase not specified
Drugbank DB01272	Alglucosidase alfa cleavage
Drugbank DB01279	Galsulfase not specified
Drugbank DB01344	Polystyrene sulfonate binder
Drugbank DB01390	Sodium bicarbonate neutralizer
Drugbank DB01422	Nitroxoline chelator
Drugbank DB01422	Nitroxoline chelator
Drugbank DB01432	Cholestyramine binder
Drugbank DB01440	Gamma Hydroxybutyric Acid agonist
Drugbank DB01609	Deferasirox chelator
Drugbank DB05260	Gallium nitrate agonist
Drugbank DB06149	Teicoplanin inhibitor
Drugbank DB06151	Acetylcysteine reducer
Drugbank DB06689	Ethanolamine Oleate activator
Drugbank DB06715	Potassium Iodide binder
Drugbank DB06718	Stanozolol other
Drugbank DB06718	Stanozolol negative modulator
Drugbank DB06782	Dimercaprol chelator
Drugbank DB06782	Dimercaprol chelator
Drugbank DB06782	Dimercaprol chelator
Drugbank DB08813	Nadroparin inhibitor

Comment	Neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration represent a ubiquitous pathological finding during the course of several different neurological diseases like AD, PD, and MS.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 47326	disease Multiple sclerosis increases_activity of phenotype neurodegeneration

Comment	Nitrosative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disorders.
Formal Description Interaction-ID: 47327	process response to nitrosative stress affects_activity of phenotype neuroinflammation